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a level biology > bio essays > Flashcards

bio essays Flashcards

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1
Q

importance of membranes
action potentials
ao1

A
  • Stimulus triggers sodium ion channels to open
  • Na+ move in
  • if enough move in and threshold value is reached, depolarisation occurs and an action potential is generated
  • response to stimulus
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2
Q

importance of membranes
action potentials
ao2

A
  • In order to respond to stimulus
  • avoid pain
  • without membrane, Na+ channels couldn’t open to allow for Na+ in and depolarisation wouldn’t occur - no action potential
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3
Q

importance of membranes
electron transport chain
ao1

A
  • Chemiosmosis / Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Electron movement generates energy for proton transfer
  • Protons move into inter membrane space, generating a concentration gradient
  • Move back into mitochondrial matrix/thylakoid by co-transport by ATP synthase - generates ATP
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4
Q

importance of membranes
electron transport chain
ao2

A

Generates ATP for other bodily functions - metabolism, transport, expression
- without membranes proton diffusion couldn’t occur and atp would not be generated (as much?) and more photosynthesis or respiration

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5
Q

importance of membranes
exchange (fish)
ao1

A

countercurrent flow
blood and water flow in opposite directions
maintains concentration gradient across entire gill lamella
constant oxygen diffusion from water into blood stream

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6
Q

importance of membranes
exchange (fish)
ao2

A

constant oxygen diffusion
allows for fish to constantly respire and not lose oxygen

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7
Q

importance of membranes
tissue fluid
ao1

A

small molecules out including water
small molecules form tissue fluid
creates lower hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
which allows water to diffuse back in by osmosis

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8
Q

importance of membranes
tissue fluid
ao2

A

allows water to be in blood stream again to facilitate bloods movement
also removes non-essential molecules in blood
and forms tissue fluid

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9
Q

importance of microorganisms/microbes
humoral response
ao1

A

antigen presenting cells activate t cells
t cells activate b cells
b cells can be either plasma or memory cells
plasma cells make more b cells and memory cells remember pathogens

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10
Q

importance of microorganisms/microbes
humoral response
ao2

A

long term immunity
remember pathogens for rapid response upon reinfection

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11
Q

importance of microorganisms/microbes
nitrogen cycle
ao1

A

nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria

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12
Q

importance of microorganisms/microbes
nitrogen cycle
ao2

A

enables nitrogen to be absorbed into plants
(re)formation of nitrogen gas
amino acid amine groups - essential molecule

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13
Q

importance of microorganisms/microbes
in vivo cloning
ao1

A

restriction endonucleases come from bacteria
cut dna fragments and insert them into plasmid vectors that come from bacteria

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14
Q

importance of microorganisms/microbes
in vivo cloning
ao2

A

enables copying of dna
many copies can be formed

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15
Q

importance of microorganisms/microbes
succession
ao1

A

pioneer species typically microbes eg algae

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16
Q

importance of microorganisms/microbes
succession
ao2

A

colonise and reduce hostility of area to make it habitable to other species
allow for succession and biodiversity

17
Q

importance of different relationships + interactions between organisms
mycorrhizae
ao1

A

fungus that associates with plant roots to increase their surface area

18
Q

importance of different relationships + interactions between organisms
mycorrhizae
ao2

A

allows for more water and nitrogen absorption - chlorophyll for leaves

19
Q

importance of different relationships + interactions between organisms
courtship behaviour
ao1

A

dances, chemicals, colours, appearances

20
Q

importance of different relationships + interactions between organisms
courtship behaviour
ao2

A

increase reproduction
increase population size
increased advantageous alleles
increase survival and adaptation

21
Q

importance of different relationships + interactions between organisms
humoral response
ao1

A

bacteria and b cells interaction - antigen presenting cells and pathogens
triggers t cells to activate b cells (plasma or memory)

22
Q

importance of different relationships + interactions between organisms
humoral response
ao2

A

long term active immunity
memory cells remember pathogens/antigens for rapid response upon reinfection

23
Q

importance of different relationships + interactions between organisms
natural selection
ao1

A

competition causes for advantageous alleles that allow for survival and better adaptation to be passed on
cause for increase in this allele frequency

24
Q

importance of different relationships + interactions between organisms
natural selection
ao2

A

make entire population more adapted to competition and environment and selection pressures
increased survival

a level biology (7 decks)

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