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Bio EOC Flashcards

1
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large chains made up of smaller subunits called monomers

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2
Q

What are the subunits of carbohydrates l?

A

Monosaccharide (simple sugars)

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3
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

To store energy (short term energy storage, to be used for energy right away)

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4
Q

What are examples of carbohydrates?

A

Cellulose
Starches
Glycogen

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5
Q

What are the subunits of lipids

A

Triglyceride (glycerol and three fatty acid tails)

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6
Q

What is the function of lipids

A

Stores energy (long term energy storage), protective coverings, insulation

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7
Q

Examples of lipids

A

Plasma membrane
Fats
Oils
Waxes

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8
Q

What is the subunit of proteins

A

Amino acids

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9
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Enzymes, transport, cell signaling

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10
Q

Example of protein

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

Subunit of Nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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12
Q

Function of nucleic acids

A

To store genetic information

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13
Q

Examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA
RNA

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14
Q

What are enzymes

A

A protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

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15
Q

An enzyme acts as a

A

Catalyst

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16
Q

An enzyme is denatured with

A

High temps or changes in ph

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17
Q

What is denaturalization

A

The process by which proteins lose their shape due to high temperatures or low pH’s. Changes the shape of the enzyme (lock) and therefore the substrate (key) can no longer fit into the active site of the enzyme

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18
Q

What are hormones

A

long distance chemical messengers. Promote growth and development

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19
Q

What are the important macromolecules

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Insulin
Hemoglobin

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20
Q

Function of glycogen

A

Stored form of carbohydrates (animals)

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21
Q

Function of starch

A

Stored form of carbs (plants)

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22
Q

Function of cellulose

A

Make up the cell wall (plants)

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23
Q

Function of insulin

A

Regulate blood sugar level (animals)

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24
Q

Function of hemoglobin

A

Carries oxygen to all parts of body (animals)

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25
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles (pro means no)

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26
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A
  • very simple
  • no nucleus, just DNA in the cell
  • ONLY bacteria
  • has a plasmid
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27
Q

What is a plasmid

A

Small circular piece of DNA that controls genes for antibiotics resistance

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28
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Cells WITH membrane bound organelles

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29
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells that are not specialized

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30
Q

What does it mean when cells are specialized

A

They have a specific function in the organism

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31
Q

When do adult stem cells become differentiated

A

Around Day 14

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32
Q

What is differentiation

A

Cells are given specific jobs (heart cells, liver cells, skin cells, etc)

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33
Q

Because stem cells are not differentiated they have the potential to become any type of cell (T/F)

A

True

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34
Q

All cells have-

A

The same amount and type of dna

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35
Q

What determines what kind of cell stem cells become

A

Environment

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36
Q

What are the two types of stem cells

A

Embryonic and adult

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37
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Cells that have yet to differentiate

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38
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Cells that are remain non specialized in adults (bone marrow)

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39
Q

What are the benefits of stem cells?

A

Could cure diseases such as leukemia, Alzheimers, cancer, etc by replacing diseased cells with healthy cells

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40
Q

What are the ethical issues relating to stem cells

A

Should we be using stem cells to cure diseases?

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41
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane

A

Maintains homeostasis by allowing some things to pass through while keeping other things out of the cell (selectively permeable)

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42
Q

What is the structure of a plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails)
Cholesterol (provides stability to the cell)
Channel and carrier proteins (used to transport particles across the plasma membrane that cannot enter by diffusion/osmosis

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43
Q

What is a nucleus

A

Contains dna, control center of the cell

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44
Q

What is a ribosome

A

Makes proteins and is in both P and E cells. Looks like tiny black dots in cells

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45
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

Breaks down sugars (glucose in foods) to release energy. Has many folds (cristae) in order to make more energy. Powerhouse of the cell

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46
Q

What is a chloroplast

A

Uses energy from the sun to create simple sugars. Found in plant and prokaryotic cells

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47
Q

What is a vacuole

A

Acts as a storage center. Large vacuole is found in plant cells

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48
Q

What is a cell wall

A

Provides structure and support for the cell. Can be found in bacteria (made of cellulose), plants (made of cellulose), and fungi (made of chitin)

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49
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis (written)

A

Carbon dioxide + water + energy = sugar + oxygen

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50
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis (formula)

A

CO2+ H2O + sun= C6H12O6 + O2

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51
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2
Water (H2O)
Energy (sun)

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52
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis

A

Sugar (C6H12O6)
Oxygen (O2)

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53
Q

What organelle Carrie’s out photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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54
Q

What organisms carry out photosynthesis

A

Some bacteria, plants, and algae

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55
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Amount of sunlight, amount of water, and amount of CO2

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56
Q

What is the equation of cellular respiration (written)

A

Sugar + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water+ energy

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57
Q

What is the equation of cellular respiration (formula)

A

C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP

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58
Q

What is the other name for energy

A

ATP

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59
Q

What are the reactants of aerobic respiration

A

Sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)

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60
Q

What are the products of aerobic respiration

A

Water (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and energy (ATP)

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61
Q

What organelle Carrie’s our aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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62
Q

What organisms go through cellular respiration

A

All eukaryotes (all organisms except for bacteria)

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63
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

A process that does not require oxygen

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64
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur

A

when cells run out of oxygen but still need energy

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65
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

The cytoplasm

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66
Q

Wich process makes more ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

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67
Q

What is the other name for anaerobic respiration

A

Fermentation

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68
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

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69
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation

A

Cells make energy in the absence of oxygen and causes the muscle burn felt during exercise

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70
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation

A

The processes by which bacteria and yeast create ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen. Makes bread rise, and alcoholic beverages

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71
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, mitosis/ meiosis, and cytokinesis

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72
Q

What is interphase

A

Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle and is the stage in which the cell Carrie’s our normal functions such as metabolism, DNA replication, growth, etc.

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73
Q

What are the 3 parts of interphase

A

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase

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74
Q

What happens during G1 phase

A

Cell grows in size and prepares for DNA division

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75
Q

What happens during S phase

A

DNA/ Chromosomes are replicated. Organelles are also replicated at this time

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76
Q

What happens during the G2 phase

A

Cell continues to grow in size and prepares for division

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77
Q

What happens after a cell goes through interphase

A

It goes through with mitosis or meiosis depending on the type of cell it is

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78
Q

What happens when a cell escapes the regulation of the cell cycle

A

They become cancerous

79
Q

What is mitosis

A

A type of Asexual reproduction

80
Q

How many daughter cells are made in mitosis

A

2

81
Q

What cells go through mitosis

A

All cells except for sperm and egg cells

82
Q

What kind of cells are the cells that go through mitosis

A

Diploid cells

83
Q

The cells that are made are what

A

Identical

84
Q

The cells that go through mitosis have how many chromosomes

A

46

85
Q

What are the steps of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

86
Q

What causes cancer

A

Cells dividing out of control

87
Q

What happens during prophase

A

The chromosomes condense into an X- shaped structure

88
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

The nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell

89
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

The sister chromatically separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

90
Q

What happens during telophase

A

A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm.

91
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides

92
Q

What does meiosis cause

A

Genetic variation

93
Q

What is meiosis

A

Sexual reproduction

94
Q

How many cells are made from meiosis

A

4

95
Q

What cells go through meiosis

A

Sperm and egg cell

96
Q

What type of cells are produced

A

Haploid (one diploid cell makes 4 haploid cells)

97
Q

If a cell has 46 chromosomes, the daughter will have

A

23 chromosomes

98
Q

Cells are different than their parent cell (T/F)

A

True

99
Q

What processes cause variation

A

Crossing over, non disjunction, recombination of alleles, fertilization

100
Q

What is crossing over

A

Chromosomes swap part of their chromosomes in meiosis

101
Q

What is non disjunction

A

Chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis

102
Q

What is caused by non disjunction

A

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

103
Q

What is recombination of alleles

A

Genes are arranged in different combinations

104
Q

What is fertilization

A

Joining of sperm and egg adds to the genetic variation of the offspring

105
Q

What is replication

A

Makes new DNA (DNA to DNA)

106
Q

When does replication happen

A

Has to happen before cell division (during S-phase) so that each new cell g we a copy of DNA

107
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Double helix

108
Q

Who determined the shape of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

109
Q

What are the bases of DNA

A

A,T,G,C

110
Q

What are the base pairings of DNA

A

A-T
C-G
T-A
G-C

111
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

A phosphate group
A simple sugar (deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C)

112
Q

What are DNA base pairs held together by

A

A weak hydrogen bond that ensures that DNA strands can separate during replication and transcription

113
Q

What type of mutations are caused by replication

A

Substitution, addition, deletion, chromosomal alteration

114
Q

What is a substitution mutation

A

A change in a single base pair. Can change the entire protein or just one amino acid

115
Q

What is addition mutation

A

The insertion of a base pare, changes the entire reading frame and protein structure

116
Q

What is deletion mutation

A

The deletion of a base pair. changes the entire reading frame and protein structure

117
Q

What is chromosomal alteration

A

Change in an entire chromosome. Causes Down syndrome

118
Q

What is translation

A

A process in which mRNA is turned into a protein (mRNA to Protein)

119
Q

Where does translation take place

A

The ribosome

120
Q

What codon starts translation

A

The methionine codon (AUG)

121
Q

If given DNA, it should be converted to

A

mRNA

122
Q

If given tRNA, it should be converted into

A

mRNA

123
Q

What are proteins held together by

A

Peptide bonds

124
Q

How many blood types are there

A

4

125
Q

What are blood types an example of

A

Multiple alleles and co-dominance In humans

126
Q

What are the 4 phenotypes of blood

A

A, B, O, and AB

127
Q

What are the genotypes of A

A

IAIA and IAi

128
Q

What are the genotypes of B

A

IBIB and IBi

129
Q

Genotype of AB

A

IAIB

130
Q

Genotype of O

A

ii

131
Q

Who first came up with the taxonomic rankings

A

Aristotle

132
Q

Who improved the taxonomic rankings

A

Linnaeus

133
Q

What are the taxonomic rankings based on

A

Evolutionary similarities

134
Q

What are the taxonomic rankings

A

Domain, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species

135
Q

What is binomial nomenclature

A

Two word naming system that uses genus and species

136
Q

What is the function of xylem

A

Transports water

137
Q

What is the function of phloem

A

Transports sugars

138
Q

What is pollination

A

Occurs when pollen (sperm) unites with eggs in flower.

139
Q

What is the cell wall of a plant cell made of

A

Cellulose

140
Q

What is the function of the stomata

A

Pores in plants that allow for the exchange of gasses

141
Q

What is the function of guard cells

A

Control the opening and closing of stomata

142
Q

What is phototropism

A

Tendency of plants to move toward light

143
Q

What is gravotropsism

A

Tendency of plants to put their roots down towards the ground

144
Q

What is a pedigree

A

A family tree that shows the inheritance of certain traits

145
Q

What are males and females represented by

A

Males= squares
Females= circles

146
Q

What are dominant trait pedigrees characterized by

A

They have a lot of people shaded in. Someone in each generation is shaded in

147
Q

What are recessive trait pedigrees characterized by

A

They do not have a lot of people shaded in. Usually there are two parents that do not have the disease but they have a child that have a child with the condition

148
Q

What are sex-linked trait pedigrees characterized by

A

Usually have mostly squares (men) shaded. X linked pedigrees can have women shaded in but it should be overwhelmingly men shaded in

149
Q

What is a vaccine

A

Prevents disease by mounting an immune response to the weakened worms in the vaccine

150
Q

What is HIV

A

virus that causes AIDS. Weakens the immune system. Very hard to cure because it is an RNA virus, and it mutates very quickly

151
Q

What is a virus

A

Neither dead or Alive. Has to have a cell to replicate in

152
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Immunity that you are born with (T cells and B cells)

153
Q

What is acquirer immunity

A

Immunity acquired through vaccinations, breast milk, etc

154
Q

What are T cells

A

Directly attack foreign invaders

155
Q

B cells

A

Make proteins that attack foreign invaders

156
Q

What are viruses composed of

A

Small micro organisms composed of a genome (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid), and sometimes by an envelope

157
Q

What is the lytic cycle

A

Viral replication cycle in which the virus immediately begins infecting and destroying cells

158
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle

A

Viral replication cycle in which the virus incorporates itself into the host DNA. After a period of time, the virus begins infecting and destroying the host cell

159
Q

What is a retrovirus

A

Viruses with an RNA genome that needs to be converted to a DNA genome (HIV)

160
Q

Why is it hard to find a cure for HIV

A

it mutates very quickly

161
Q

What is a reverse transcriptase

A

Enzyme that converts RNA to DNA

162
Q

What is transcription

A

Makes a RNA transcript from a DNA strand (DNA to. mRNA)

163
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

164
Q

What is mRNA

A

Takes the chemical message in DNA to the ribosome

165
Q

What is tRNA

A

Transfers amino acid to the ribosome for protein assembly

166
Q

What is rRNA

A

RNA that makes up the ribosome

167
Q

What is the structure of RNA

A

Single strand

168
Q

What are the bases of RNA

A

A, U, C, G

169
Q

What are the base pairs of RNA

A

A-U
T-A
C-G
G-C

170
Q

What is RNA made up of

A

Phosphate group
Simple sugar (ribose)
Nitrogen base pairs

171
Q

What is a codon

A

Group of three RNA base pairs

172
Q

What is an anticodon

A

A group of three base pairs found on a tRNA molecule that matches up with the mRNA codon

173
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel

A

The father of genetics

174
Q

What are genetics

A

Study of how traits are passed from parents to children

175
Q

What is a genotype

A

The genetic make up of an organism (HH, Hh, hh)

176
Q

What is a phenotype

A

How something looks (brown hair)

177
Q

What is a homozygote

A

Have two of the same size letter (HH or hh)

178
Q

What is heterozygote

A

Have different size letter (Hh)

179
Q

What does it mean to be dominant

A

Masks a recessive trait

180
Q

What does it mean to be recessive

A

Masked by a dominate trait

181
Q

What are Punnett squares

A

Used to predict the outcome of a mating

182
Q

What is codominance

A

When both parental phenotype are shown in the offspring (red x white cow= red/white cow)

183
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

The two parental phenotypes blen together and a new third phenotype is produced (red x white flower = pink flower)

184
Q

What is recombinant DNA

A

Insertion of DNA from one species into the DNA of another species

185
Q

What is a transgenic organism

A

Organisms that contain recombinant DNA. Organisms that have DNA from two different species in the one organism.

186
Q

What are the functions of transgenic organisms

A

They’ve been used to clean up oil spills, create human insulin, create antibiotica, produce dye, medicines, etc

187
Q

What is gel electrophoresis

A

The process by which DNA is separated based on size, can determine paternity, who committed crimes, etc

188
Q

What is gene therapy

A

The insertion of a normal gene into a mutated one in order to cure a genetic disease

189
Q

What is the human genome project

A

The project that sequences the base pairs of the entire human genome. Helped diagnose and cure many genetic diseases

190
Q

What are restrictions enzymes

A

Little DNA scissors. Cut genes at specific base pairs

191
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small circular pieces of DNA in bacteria. Used as vectors to insert new genes into various organisms

192
Q

What is a test cross

A

Crossing an organism with an unknown genotype with a known one in order to determine the genotype of the unknown

193
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Teh choosing of specific traits by humans in order to create genetically superior organisms

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