Bio Dungeon Quest Flashcards

1
Q

Types of biodiversity

A

Genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity

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2
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Definition: the sum of all the different forms (i.e. alleles) of genes present in a particular species

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3
Q

Species Diversity

A

■ Definition: the variety and relative abundance of species in a given area (i.e. an ecosystem)

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4
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

Definition: a diverse range of habitats, the organisms that live in those habitats, and the relationships that connect them

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5
Q

Naming of organisms - bionomial nomenclature - know what the parts of the names mean and the proper format they should be written in

A

Genus species
■ Written in italics ■ “Genus” is capitalized
■ Names are Latin/Greek
■ If handwritten, then scientific name is underlined: Homo sapiens

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6
Q

Taxonomic classification - (Domain –> species) - know the order. Remember its a hierarchy. Organisms share characteristics with others in any taxon above them

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (subspecies)

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7
Q

Difference between prokaryotes vs eukaryotes - features of each (subject to change)

A

-** Prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria, archaea): **

Lack a membrane-bound nucleus.

Have a single, often circular chromosome in the nucleoid region.

Possess a cell wall made of peptidoglycans.

Contain ribosomes for protein synthesis.

May have additional DNA in plasmids.

**- Eukaryotes (e.g., plants, animals, fungi): **

Have a true nucleus enclosed by a double membrane.

Contain linear chromosomes with histone proteins.

Possess membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts).

Have a more complex internal structure.
Size:

Size:
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller (about 1–5 μm) than eukaryotic cells (about 10–100 μm).

Cell Division:
Prokaryotes divide via binary fission.
Eukaryotic cells divide via mitosis (or budding/meiosis in some cases).

Examples:
Prokaryotes: Bacteria, archaea.
Eukaryotes: Protists, fungi, plants, animals (including humans).

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8
Q

Viruses - structure of a virus;

A

**Structure of a virus **

A protective protein coat, or capsid

➔ Genetic material ( DNA or RNA ) inside of the capsid

➔Some viruses have another layer covering their capsid known as a viral envelope

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9
Q

Viruses - ; why it is not considered a cell; l

A

Viruses are functionally dependent on host cells

Viruses are acellular because they do not consist of cells

Viruses have no cytoplasm, organelles, cell membranes

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10
Q

Viruses - ; lytic vs lysogenic cycle;

A

a) lytic cycle
1. Attachment - virus attaches to surface of host cell
2. Penetration - The viral DNA/RNA enters the host cell
3. (Bio) Synthesis - viral proteins components are made by host cell
4. Assembly - virus assembled
5. Lysis (Breaks open) - The Cell lyses, releasing the newly made viruses

b) CHECK Lysogenic Cycle
Virus remains dormant
Virus does not kill cell outright

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11
Q

Viruses - why antibiotics won’t work against viruses

A

Unlike diseases caused by bacteria, viral diseases cannot be treated by antibiotics as viruses have no cellular machinery

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12
Q

Bacteria - shapes & arrangements,

A

Variety of shapes include:
■ Spherical = cocci
■ Rod-shaped = bacilli
■ Spiral shaped = spirilli

Variety of arrangements
include:
■ Diplo = paired
■ Staphylo = clusters
■ Strepto = chains

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13
Q

Bacteria - reproduction (binary fission & conjugation);

A

A) Binary Fission
■ Asexual reproduction
■ Results in 2 genentically identical cells
■ DNA replicates
■ Cell growth
■ Cell membrane pinches in Middle

B) Conjugation
■ ‘Sexual’
Reproduction

■ Bacterial cells temporarily
join via a mating bridge to
exchange genetic material

■ Plasmids
are exchanged
(separate rings of DNA from
cell’s main chromosome)

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14
Q

Bacteria - ; cell wall formation

A

Functions:
■Provides structure and protection
■Maintains shape of cell

Peptidoglycan:
■Major component of cell wall
■Made of polymers of carbohydrates and amino acids

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15
Q

Eubacteria vs Archaea - what makes them different (cell wall structure; where they live)

A

Different cell wall structure from bacteria

Archaea doesn’t haven’t peptidoglycan

Archaea live in extreme environments

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