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Bio Diversity > Bio Diversity Chapter 38-40 > Flashcards

Bio Diversity Chapter 38-40 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Ecology as a Science?

A
  • Study of how organisms interact with each other and how they interact with their environment.
  • Involves both what is happening outside the organism as well as within the organism.
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2
Q

What is biotic vs abiotic

A
  • biotic: all living parts of the environment
    -abiotic: all nonliving parts of the environment
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3
Q

Order of Ecology is a Hierarchical System?
(top to bottom)

A
  1. (TOP) Biosphere (earth)
  2. ecosystem (biome)
  3. the community
  4. the population
  5. the individual (BOTTOM)
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4
Q

What is a species?

A

a group of organisms that interbreed and produce viable offspring.

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5
Q

What is a population?

A

group of individuals of the same species that interact with each other.

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6
Q

3 Key Features of Populations

A
  1. Population range: area throughout which a population occurs
  2. There are characteristics of how individuals space themselves within the range.
  3. There are factors which affect the population size throughout time.
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7
Q

Most species have a limited ___________.

A

geographical range

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8
Q

3 Reasons a population range can change

A
  1. Environment and climate changes
  2. Abandon inhospitable habitat to colonize suitable, previously unoccupied areas.
  3. Humans may elect to alter the environment.
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9
Q

dispersal

A

movement of individuals from one location to another

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10
Q

way dispersal may occur

A
  • Flight
  • walking/running/hopping
  • swimming/floating
  • Wind
  • “Hitching a ride” on another animal
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11
Q

3 population spacing patterns and the reasons for them.

A

Random – position of each individual is independent of others. (due to an equal distribution of resources.)

Uniform – spacing of individuals is the same throughout population. (driven by behavioral interaction and resource competition)

Clumped –individuals form small groups (aggregations). (due to an uneven distribution of resources)

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12
Q

Demography

A

quantitative study of changes in population size.

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13
Q

2 factors that affect a populations demography

A
  1. population sex ratios
  2. generation time
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14
Q

Age structure of a population provides insight into _______?

A

if the population is increasing or decreasing in size.

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15
Q

age structure is determined by

A

the numbers of individuals in a different age group

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16
Q

cohort

A

group of individuals of the same age

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17
Q

fecundity

A

number of offspring produced in a standard time

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18
Q

Mortality

A

death rate in a standard time

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19
Q

Life History Tables show the probability of _______?

A

of Survival & Reproduction Through a Cohort’s Life

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20
Q

Survivorship is the _____?

A

percent of an original population that survives to a given age

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21
Q

Type I survivorship

A

high survivorship early in life; mortality increases later in life (human)

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22
Q

type 2 survivorship

A

equal survivorship throughout life (hydra)

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23
Q

Type 3 survivorship

A

low survivorship early in life; probability of survival increases later in life (Oyster or sea turtles)

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24
Q

Life History and it’s trade-offs

A

The complete life cycle of an organism
- tradeoffs: limited resources vs. increased reproduction

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25
Q

2 factors affect the quantity of surviving offspring

A

How long an individual lives
How many young it produces each yea

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26
Q

4 Types of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. budding
  2. regeneration

3.fragmentation

  1. Parthenogenesis: females produce eggs that are not fertilized by sperm
    Unfertilized eggs develop via miosis
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27
Q

Animals that can exhibit parthenogenesis:

A
  1. Crustacea- daphnia
  2. insects- bees, wasps, ants, and termites
  3. reptiles: komodo dragon; racerunners
  4. Shark, turkey, condors
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28
Q

3 mechanisms of parthenogenesis

A
  1. The absence of males
  2. Based on seasonal changes
  3. When conditions favor rapid population growth
    (All involve a single female parent.)
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29
Q

Factors that promote asexual reproduction

A

-Avoid costs of searching for a mate (or attracting one)
-higher rate of population growth

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30
Q

sexual reproduction pros:

A

-Increased genetic variability = faster adaptation
-Sustains genetic variability
Purges harmful mutation at a faster rate

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31
Q

internal fertilization prevents

A

desiccation of gametes

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32
Q

r-strategist animals

A
  • Gamete production is high; low investment per offspring
  • Probability of offspring survival is low (little/no parental care)
  • Common in aquatic animals with external fertilization (but not limited to this group).
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33
Q

lottery hypothesis

A

increase the probability of survival of a few offspring by producing large numbers of offspring.

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34
Q

k strategist animals

A
  • Produce fewer gametes (and offspring); larger investment per offspring.
  • Often increased parental care; increases probability of offspring survival
  • Fertilization is internal
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35
Q

Ecology of r and K strategists

A

r = typically adapted to take advantage of unpredictable habitats where conditions become temporarily favorable.

K = adapted to compete in stable, predictable, environments or habitats.

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36
Q

Iteroparous

A
  • multiple broods over the lifetime of the parents
  • Often produce fewer offspring but with repeated reproductive events.
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37
Q

Semelparous

A
  • one major reproductive effort in a lifetime

-Produce large numbers of offspring. (salmon, cicadas, mayflies)

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38
Q

Anisogamy:

A

a union between two gametes that differ in size or form

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39
Q

Consequences of anisogamy:

A
  1. Female reproductive success is limited to energy that they acquire to invest in their offspring.

2Male reproductive success is limited by the number of female eggs

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40
Q

Precocial offspring

A

move about early, but have long infancy and grow slowly

41
Q

Altricial offspring

A

born helpless, naked, blind. Grow rapidly and mature early.

42
Q

Oviparity reproductive mode

A

expulsion of undeveloped eggs rather than live young. The eggs may have been fertilized before release, as in birds and some reptiles, or are to be fertilized externally, as in amphibians and many lower forms

43
Q

viviparity reproduction mode

A

is development of the embryo inside the body of the mother. Give birth to live young

44
Q

Ovovivipary

A

animals possess embryos that develop inside eggs that remain in the mother’s body until they are ready to hatch. (sharks, frogs, toads, fish)

45
Q

Density-dependent:

A

disease, competition, and predation. Correlation to population and size

46
Q

density-independent

A

effects on population growth that are independent of the population density. Limited by something unrelated to the size of the population.

47
Q

community

A

all species inhabiting a common environment and interacting with one another

48
Q

community is characterized by 3 things:

A
  • Species richness - the number of species present
  • Organization – primary productivity ( amount of energy produced)
  • Interactions - (Predation and mutualism )
49
Q

niche

A

the role played by a particular species in its environment. Encompasses all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment.

50
Q

niche includes: (5)

A

A. space utilization
B. food consumption
C. temperature range
D. appropriate conditions for mating
E. requirement for moisture

51
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between one species

52
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between two or more species that utilize the same resource. Usually a limited resource

53
Q

Two ways for interspecific & intraspecific competition to occur:

A
  1. Interference competition - interactions between individuals that aim to prevent one from gaining access to a limited resource. (ex: fighting for territory)
  2. Exploitative competition - consumption of a resource that is being competed for by different individuals or species.
54
Q

two niches all species have:

A
  1. Fundamental niche: entire niche an organism could fill if there were no other interaction factors (like competition or predation) ACTUAL
  2. Realized niche: the actual niche occupied by an organism when all biotic and abiotic interactions are taken into account. POTENTIAL
55
Q

Other causes of niche restriction besides competition:

A
  1. predation
  2. disease
  3. mating
56
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle:

A

States that if two species are competing for the same resource such as food or water, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally. AKA no two species with the can niche can coexist when resources are limiting.

57
Q

G.F. Gause’s Experiment Summary

A

In 1993 and 1994, Gause conducted a competition of 3 paramecium protists. All fed on bacteria and yeasts in oatmeal. P. aurelia out competed P. caudatum because it could better utilize available resources and grew 6 times faster. P. caudatum and P. bursa were able to coexist because they had two different niches. EXPLOITATIVE COMPETITION.

58
Q

resource partitioning

A

To minimize competition, species divide up the resources

59
Q

batesian mimicry

A

survival strategy in which a palatable or nontoxic organism resembles another kind of organism that is distasteful or toxic. Both species exhibit warning coloration.
Ex: butterfly or moth

60
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

a phenomenon in which two or more unrelated species resemble one another, thus achieving a kind of group defense. Act similar too.
Ex: insects that look like wasps.

61
Q

Commensalism

A

interaction that benefits one species and is neutral to the others
+/0

62
Q

Mutualism

A

benefits both species (+/+)

Coevolution: flowering plants and insects
63
Q

Parasitism;

A

BENEFITS ONE SPECIES AT THE EXPENSE OF ANOTHER (+/- OR +/0)

64
Q

Categories of Parasitism

A

Ectoparasites: feed on exterior surface of an organism
Parasitoids: insects that lay eggs on living hosts
Endoparasites live inside the host

65
Q

trophic levels: (7)

A

Primary producers: autotrophes
Consumers: heterotrophs
Herbivores: first consumer level
Primary carnivores: eat herbivores
Secondary carnivores: eat herbivores
Detritivores: eat decaying matter
Decomposers: organisms that break up dead organic matter

66
Q

10% Rule Limits Number of Trophic Levels

A

Number of trophic levels is limited by energy availability
Limits on top carnivores: exponential decline of chemical bond limits the lengths of trophic chains and the numbers of top carnivores an ecosystem can support.
Only about 1/1000 of the energy captures by photosynthesis passes all the way through to secondary carnivores
Result: food chains are usually limited to 4-5 trophic levels

67
Q

Efficiencies within a trophic level

A
  1. Consumption efficiency – the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms
68
Q

How efficient is a cow at consuming grass?

A

Efficiency is < 100% because:
Result:
2. Assimilation efficiency –

69
Q

How efficient is a cow at digesting grass?

A

Efficiency is < 100% because:
Result:
3. Production efficiency –

70
Q

Species Richness (3)

A

Species richness is influenced by ecosystem characteristics
1. Primary productivity
2. Habitat heterogeneity – diverse in habitat types and structure
3. Climatic factors

71
Q

Biosphere

A

the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms

72
Q

Global patterns of life on Earth are influenced by

A
  1. Amount of solar radiation that reaches different parts of the earth and the seasonal variations of that radiation.
  2. Patterns of global atmospheric circulation and the resulting patterns of oceanic circulation.
73
Q

Angle of Incidence

A

closer to the poles, the angle at which the Sun’s rays strike spreads the solar energy out over more of the earths surface, providing less energy per unit of surface.

74
Q

Global Circulation Patterns

A

Hot air rises relative to cooler air, because the motion of molecules in the air increases as temp decreases, making it less dense.

75
Q

Intense solar radiation at the equator provides ________.

A

the heat needed for water to evaporate

76
Q

The Coriolis effect:

A

clockwise rotation of global winds. Curvature path of winds due to the rotation of the earth.

77
Q

Rain Shadow Effect

A

a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills. One side of mountain may develop a desert

78
Q

Relationship of Elevation and Latitude

A
  • For every 1000-m increase in elevation, temperature drops about 6 celsius at any given latitude.
  • In north america, 1000 m increase in elevation results in a temp drop equal to that of an 880-km increase in latitude.
79
Q

Microclimates:

A
  • Alternate way to divide niches is to evolve physiological adaptations to use different microclimates.
  • the climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area.
80
Q

Biomes:

A

one of the major terrestrial ecosystems, characterized by climatic and soil conditions; the largest ecological unit

81
Q

biomes are name according to their____ and are defined by sets of _______

A
  • vegetational structures
  • regional climate conditions
82
Q

_____ percent of earth is freshwater

A

2

83
Q

______ percent of earth is ocean

A

71

84
Q

two bodies of fresh water:

A
  • aquaphor
    -soil
    -river
85
Q

Oligotrophic Water

A

bodies of fresh water that are low in algal nutrients (such as nitrate or phosphate) and low in the amount of algal material per unit of volume.

Tend to be high in dissolved oxygen.

Often crystal clear.

86
Q

Eutrophic water

A

refers to a lake in which an abundant supply of minerals and organic matter exists.

87
Q

Oligotrophic ocean

A

“biological deserts”.

Center of the great midocean gyres. Low nutrient levels and low productivity.

88
Q

Continental Shelf Ecosystems provide ________ resources

A
  • abundant
89
Q

Neritic waters

A

have relatively high concentrations of nitrate and other nutrients.

90
Q

Tropical Rainforests attributes: (5)

A
  1. Located between 10 degrees north and 10 degrees south latitude (equator)
  2. Warm, seasonal, consistent temperatures
  3. Precipitation may be consistent or in two peaks, annually
  4. Plants grow all year long- mostly evergreen
  5. 50% of all terrestrial species; 37% of terrestrial carbon pool
91
Q

Tropical Seasonal Forests and Savannas attributes:

A
  1. Located north and south of tropical rainforests
    2.rainfall is seasonal: wet season, dry season
    3.lower species diversity
    4.plants are deciduous due to seasonality
92
Q

Deserts

A
  1. High diversity, low abundance of life
  2. Hot deserts located around 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south of latitude
    Associated with atmospheric high pressure systems because of atmospheric circulation; or mountain ranges (rain shadow effect)
  3. Plants are either drought tolerant (cactus) or drought evaders (flowering annuals)
93
Q

Temperate Grasslands

A
  1. Located between 30 degrees and 50 degrees latitude ( both north and south of equator)
  2. Greater seasonal changes
  3. Greater variability in precipitation patterns
  4. Occurs in regions with rainy summer seasons
94
Q

Temperate Shrublands and Woodlands

A
  1. Occurs in regions with rainy winter seasons
  2. Growing season is dry
  3. Many plants are sclerophyllous: tough, leathery leaves
  4. Fire is common process during summer
  5. Associated with rain shadow effect in some regions
95
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forests

A
  1. Occur where enough rainfall supports tree growth
  2. However, seasonality results in deciduous plants
  3. Similar tree species found across the world in this biome
96
Q

Temperate Evergreen Forests

A
  1. Located in coastal regions; cool maritime climates
  2. High levels of precipitation result sin temperate rainforests
    (generally coastal, check if the graph is northern or southern hemisphere,, normal peak of precipitation in the winter)
97
Q

Boreal Forests

A
  1. Located north of 5 degree north latitude
  2. Presence of permafrost; permanent frozen subsoil
  3. Mostly evergreen trees
  4. Largest terrestrial biome
    (canada, alaska, russia…)
98
Q

Tundra

A
  1. North of 65 degrees north latitude
  2. Permafrost limits tree growth
  3. Amount of annual precipitation similar to deserts
99
Q
A

Bio Diversity (3 decks)

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