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Bio Cumulative Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three structural components of DNA?

A

double stranded, deoxyribose, bases are ATCG

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2
Q

what is the function of mRNA?

A

delivers genetic message to ribosome

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3
Q

In genetic drift, what is the “founder effect”?

A

where few individuals are isolated from the larger population and may have different allele frequencies

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4
Q

why did cheetahs have very little genetic variation?

A

due to the Bottleneck Effect in genetic drift, the population crashed

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5
Q

what causes certain traits to be favored by natural selection?

A

determined by the environment

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6
Q

in a population, which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce?

A

the individuals that are best adapted to the environment

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7
Q

what are the base pairs in DNA?

A

ATCG

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8
Q

all life has the same what?

A

same genetic code

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9
Q

what is the SELECTIVE advantage of high melanin near the equator?

A

Protect against UV damage and protects folate

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10
Q

what the selective advantage of low melanin away from the equator?

A

To allow for more vitamin D production

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11
Q

why do Inuit people still have relatively high melanin levels?

A

They eat fatty foods (fish) that contain high levels of vitamin D

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12
Q

what are the two requirements for a population to evolve by natural selection?

A

it must be variable and heritable

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13
Q

what are the 3 components of a DNA molecule?

A

a phosphate, a sugar, a nitrogenous base

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14
Q

what is synonymous (silent) mutations?

A

the “silent” mutation, causing no change

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15
Q

what is non-synonymous mutations?

A

changes in a gene that alters and changes the protein being made

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16
Q

what is positive selection?

A

a selection for beneficial mutations

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17
Q

how can you tell if a gene has gone through positive selection?

A

when there are more non-synonymous mutations than synonymous

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18
Q

how can you tell if a gene has gone through negative selection?

A

when there are more synonymous mutations than non-synonymous

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19
Q

what is negative selection?

A

a selection against deleterious mutations

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20
Q

the process that produces RNA from DNA is called what?

A

transcription

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21
Q

the process that produces Proteins from mRNA is called what?

A

translation

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22
Q

what are the three structure components of RNA?

A

single stranded, ribosome, bases are AUCG

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23
Q

what is directional selection?

A

where one side is favored and move forward with higher fitness. Ex.) choosing turkeys based on breast size

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24
Q

what is stabilizing selection?

A

individuals with intermediate phenotypes are most fit. Ex.) human birth weights

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25
Q

what is disruptive selection?

A

individuals with intermediate phenotypes with low fitness. Ex.) light colored mouse vs dark colored mouse

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26
Q

If a gene in a population is in H-W equilibrium, what does that mean in terms of evolution?

A

there is no evolution, it stays the same

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27
Q

why are DNA sequences similar in humans and chimpanzees?

A

humans and chimps share a relatively recent common ancestor

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28
Q

what is homologous to the wing of a bat in terms of anatomical structures?

A

the arm of a human

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29
Q

what are the three domains of life?

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

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30
Q

what organisms are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archaea

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31
Q

what organism has the greatest number of individuals than all others?

A

bacteria

32
Q

what group is placed nearest to fungi based on DNA similarities?

A

animals

33
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

forms new specifies while being geographically isolated. Need geographic barrier

34
Q

what is sympatric speciaition?

A

forms new species without geographic barrier

35
Q

when two populations are reproductively isolated, what else must occur for speciation to happen?

A

genetic divergence producing pre-or post-zygotic isolation

36
Q

what is an example of post-zygotic isolation?

A

a horse and a donkey mate and produce a mule

37
Q

what is pre-zygotic isolation?

A

before sperm and egg

38
Q

what is intersexual selection?

A

when one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates

39
Q

what is intrasexual selection?

A

direct competition for mates, usually males. Ex.) peacocks long and bright tails

40
Q

In sexual selection, what sex should be the one that chooses who to mate with?

A

the sex that invests more resources in the offspring

41
Q

how does gene duplication lead to evolution of traits such as red-green color vision?

A

multiple copies of the same gene on a chromosome so than they can go and mutate

42
Q

what are the 2 basic ways evolution occurs?

A

Non random (natural selection) and random (genetic drift)

43
Q

what is the primary way genetic variation is spread in eukaryotes?

A

meiosis and sexual reproduction

44
Q

what is the primary way genetic variation is created in bacteria?

A

mutations

45
Q

why is reproductive isolation necessary for speciation?

A

to stop gene flow

46
Q

The DNA of different species depends on what?

A

the sequences of the bases

47
Q

If a person is blood type A negative, what kind of blood can they recieve?

A

only A negative and O negative

48
Q

What blood is the universal donor?

A

O negative

49
Q

what are the three bacterial shapes?

A

cocci (circular), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spiral

50
Q

what are protists?

A

single-celled eukaryotic organisms

51
Q

what is the phylum basidiomycota?

A

the truest forms of mushrooms

52
Q

what is phylum ascomycota?

A

fungi that produces spores in rows of sacs. Ex.) morrels.

53
Q

what is phylum zygomycota?

A

forms in between 2 different strands and forms a zygospore. Ex.) bread mold

54
Q

heterotrophs do what?

A

obtain carbon from eating organisms and secrete enzymes outside of their body

55
Q

what is the body of the fungus called and what is its role?

A

called the Hyphae, it secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients

56
Q

what are single-celled fungi called?

A

yeast

57
Q

most of the body of a fungus is what?

A

haploid

58
Q

what are lichens?

A

a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae

59
Q

what are the 4 main types of plants?

A

bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

60
Q

in the flower, a pollen tube delivers the sperm to what?

A

ovule

61
Q

in angiosperms, what is the purpose of the fruit?

A

to aid in the dispersal of seeds

62
Q

what is the difference between gametophyte and sporophyte?

A

gametophyte is haploid and sporophyte is diploid

63
Q

is the big green part of a fern gametophyte or sporophyte?

A

sporophyte

64
Q

is the green part of the moss gametophyte or sporophyte?

A

gametophyte

65
Q

in the flower, what receives the pollen?

A

the stigma

66
Q

in the flower, what produces pollen?

A

the anther

67
Q

why did gymnosperms replace ferns as the dominant plant?

A

because of the evolution of seeds

68
Q

what do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common?

A

seeds and pollen

69
Q

how are seeds dispersed in angiosperms?

A

it depends on the color of the flower and the pollinator

70
Q

what are protostomes?

A

animals whose mouth formed first

71
Q

what are deuterostomes?

A

animals whose anus formed first

72
Q

do all phylum in the animal kingdom have true tissues?

A

No, all but sponges do

73
Q

what plants have vascular tissue?

A

ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

74
Q

what is bilateral symmetry?

A

have left and right sides that are mirror images of each other. Includes flatworms, segmented worms, round worms, mollusca, and anthropoda

75
Q

what is radial symmetry and what group of animals have it?

A

have no front or back end. Includes only Cnidaria (jellyfish)

76
Q
A

Bio Final (1 decks)

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