bio - communicable & non communicable diseases Flashcards

Question

Benign tumour

Answer 1

Stays and grows in one place

Answer 2

grows into other tissues and metastasize

Answer 3

1) Draining stagnant pools of water - gives the raft of eggs / larva / pupa no stagnant water to live in so they die 2) Spraying pools of water with insecticides - It chemically kills the raft of eggs / larva / pupa 3) Spraying pools of water with oil - prevents pupa from breathing air & reduces O2 content of water so Larva & raft of eggs die

Answer 4

* mucus in mouth, nose, and trachea traps pathogens * trachea and bronchus are lined with cilia, which "waft" mucus back up to the throat to be swallowed * urine is antimicrobial and kills pathogens. * scabs form a protective barrier to stop bacteria entering. * tears are antimicrobial. * hairs in nose to trap larger particles. * skin is a tough barrier, with a dead outer layer of cells that microorganisms can't penetrate, glands secrete antimicrobial oils. * stomach is full of hydrochloric acid which kills microorganisms. * Ear wax, eye lashes

Answer 5

The second line of defence is also non-specific. It involves a type of white blood cell called phagocytes. They are attracted to any area of your body in which an infection is present. Then, they engulf the pathogen through phagocytosis.

Answer 6

Phagocytes engulf pathogens by phagocytosis. by then the pathogen is engulfed and enclosed in a vacuum and digestive enzymes are secreted. the enzyme kills and digests the pathogen.

Answer 7

a specific shaped protein on the surface of each pathogen. They are specific to the pathogen.

Answer 8

Lymphocytes are white blood cells. Lymphocytes recognise only one type of antigen and binds to it once it comes into close proximity. They can also produce antibodies specific in shape to the antigens of that pathogen. It takes multiple days to find the correct shape, in which time illness is felt. So, they release the antibodies into the blood. These antibodies are going to bind to the antigens of that pathogen causing the pathogens to clump together making it more vulnerable to phagocytosis & the antibodies will kill the pathogens.

Answer 9

After the infection and the pathogens have died, the memory lymphocytes and antibodies remain in the blood. What happens if you've got a secondary infection of the same, pathogen, your memory lymphocytes will very quickly produce correct antibodies which will bind to the pathogens, as no time needs to be wasted finding the correct lymphocyte.

Answer 10

Lymphocytes also make antitoxins which bind to any toxins the pathogen makes, neutralising it. Toxins are what make you feel sick.

Answer 11

Just like enzymes the antibody binds to specific antigens because the shape of the antigen is complementary to the shape of the antigen binding site.

Answer 12

A vaccine is a small quantity of a dead or inactive pathogen. it still possesses the same antigens as a normal pathogen so that the body develops memory lymphocyte cells that's recognise the active pathogen too.

Answer 13

1) After exposure, lots of different lymphocytes attempt to make antibodies that recognise antigens on the pathogen. 2) once an antibody binds correctly, the lymphocyte differentiates to make plasma cells and memory cells. 3) The plasma cells produce antibodies and help the phagocytes fight off the infection. 4) once the pathogen is defeated, the plasma cells die but the memory cells remain. 5) Reinfection is instantly recognised by memory cells which quickly produce lots of plasma cells.

Answer 14

1) Inject mouse with chosen antigen that you want to produce one of monoclonal antibodies for so its present in the bloodstream. 2) The mouse's lymphocytes are now going to produce specific antibodies for that antigen. 3) Remove the lymphocytes from the mouse. This lymphocyte produces the antibodies that you want to make the monoclonal antibodies from. So even though this lymphocyte can produce antibodies, it can't divide. 4) Fuse the lymphocyte from the mouse that produces the antibodies that you want to produce monoclonal antibodies for with a cancer cell aka a tumour cell. The tumour cell can't produce antibodies, but it can divide incredibly rapidly by mitosis. This forms a hybridoma which can divide incredibly rapidly producing many identical antibodies forming monoclonal antibodies, which are all specific to the same antigen.

Answer 15

Diagnosis – eg pregnancy tests/ covid tests Research - to locate or identify specific molecules in cells Treatment – eg cancer treatment, binding to cells and carrying a radioactive or toxic substance

Answer 16

human chorionic gonadotropin

Answer 17

chemotherapy drugs kill all cells, but particularly fast-growing cells like cancer cells. This unfortunately includes other cells like hair, skin and intestinal cells resulting in hair loss, cracked skin and digestive problems. However, mAbs targets cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected and they also target the toxic drugs to specific places in the body reducing the number of accidental cell deaths. e.g. herceptin stops breast cancer cell growth

Answer 18

mAbs can be attached to fluorescent dyes that glow under UV light. They show where particular molecules are and detect specific cells.

Answer 19

Preclinical - Tested on cells then on engineered mice. Does it work? how much? side effects? Clinical - phase one - tested on a small no. of healthy male volunteers – safety? Clinical - phase two - tested on a small number of patients - Does it work? how much? Clinical - phase three - large scale trials - does it work for all? getting the dose right. Clinical - phase four - distribution and scalability - despite drug being available it is still monitored and checked for long term effects

Answer 20

patients don't know who's getting the placebo but doctors do.

Answer 21

neither patients nor doctors know you who is getting the placebo and who isn’t. only drug company knows.