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Bio + Chem + Physics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1 key feature of nutrition

A
  • taking in material for energy, development and growth
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2
Q

2 features of excretion

A
  • removal of waste products of metabolism
    + toxic material
    + substances in excess
  • from organisms
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3
Q

1 key feature of reproduction

A
  • the processes of reproducing more of the same kind of organisms.
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4
Q

2 features of growth

A
  • permanent increase in size and dry mass
  • by increase in cell number
    + increase in cell size
    + both
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5
Q

3 features of sensitivity

A
  • detect or sense stimuli
  • in the internal or external environment
  • to make appropriate responses
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6
Q

3 features of respiration

A
  • the chemical reaction in cells
  • breaks down nutrient molecules
  • release energy for metabolism
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7
Q

2 features of movement

A
  • an action by an organism or a part of an organism

- causing a change of position or place

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8
Q

Factors of diffusion?

A
  • Temperature
  • Surface area
  • Concentration gradient (Steepness)
  • volume
  • distance/thickness of the membrane
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9
Q

What state of matter does diffusion occur in?

A
  • liquids and gases
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10
Q

Does diffusion use energy?

A
  • Diffusion is a passive process
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11
Q

When does diffusion last?

A
  • Until all molecules are evenly spread
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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • the net movement of molecules and ions
  • from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration
  • Down a concentration gradient
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13
Q

Animal cell vs. Plant cell, which will burst in pure water? Why?

A

animal will burst

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14
Q

Define plasmolysed cell

A

Cell shrinks until it’s shred, because it loses water (due to osmosis)
F

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15
Q

In a turgid cell, the outward pressure of the cytoplasm on a cell wall is called

A

Cell expands because it contains a lot of water (due to osmosis)
Turgid = Expands

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16
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane only allows some substances to go through it.

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17
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane
  • From a solution from high water concentration to low water concentration’s solution (higher water potential to lower water potential).
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18
Q

What thing don’t change by force

A

temperature (sometimes - air resistance)
density
mass

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19
Q

what force is needed to maintain a circular motion

A

The force directed toward the centre of the circle (centripetal force)

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20
Q

does constant speed require resultant force

A

NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

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21
Q

Tips

A

look carefully at the arrow

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22
Q

equilibrium =

A

No resultant force = no acceleration = constant speed = no resultant moment

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23
Q

Does change in direction = a resultant force that exists

A

YESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

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24
Q

for an object to be stable, the object must have

A
  • wide base

- centre of mass is directly over its base or pivot

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25
Q

where is the centre of mass in a uniform object (e.g cube)

A

in the centre

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26
Q

2 gas types of gas pressure in a mercury barometer

A

atmospheric gas + trapped gas

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27
Q

how to calculate pressure underwater

A

Pressure = depth x density x gravitational strength

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28
Q

Density formula

A 
Density = Mass/Volume
ρ = m/V
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29
Q

Mass vs. Weight

A 
Mass = amount of matter in an object (unit: kg)
Weight = The force of gravity on an object (unit: N)
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30
Q

Speed vs. Velocity

A

Speed: A measure of how fast an object is moving, scalar quantity
Eg: 9 m/s
Velocity: A measure of how fast an object is moving (magnitude), including its direction, vector quantity
Eg: 9 m/s to the left

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31
Q

Scalar vs. Vector unit

A

Scalar unit: A unit measures the magnitude only (example: speed, mass, etc).
Vector: A unit measures both magnitude and direction (example: velocity, force, etc).

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32
Q

Relation between speed, time, and distance

A

distance = speed x time

Rearrange to find the others.

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33
Q

Acceleration is

A

A measure of the rate of change of velocity over time.

Change in direction is also acceleration too because velocity involves direction.

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34
Q

Formula to calculate force

A

Force = mass x acceleration

F = ma

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35
Q

Define the turning effect of a force

A

When applying a force on an object that “sticks” on a point, called a pivot, it will turn. We say that it has a turning effect.
That is, the force has a turning effect on that object.
We can also say that as the “moment of force”

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36
Q

Moment formula

A

Moment = Force x distance from pivot

unit: The units inputted
example:
Force: N; Distance = m => moment = Nm.

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37
Q

Factors that affect the turning effect of the force

A
  • The force

- The distance from the pivot (more distance = more turning effect)

38
Q

is photosynthesis a characteristic

A

NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO, only plants could perform photosynthesis

39
Q

What is the equation for magnification

A

size of the image
——————————- = x ……
size of the real object

40
Q

What is the Rf value

A

distance moved by the solvent

41
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

• Water pressure inside cells pushing outwards

42
Q

What is the name of lipid in the liquid state?

A

oil

43
Q

What is the name of lipid in the solid state?

A

FAT

44
Q

What atoms do lipid consist of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

45
Q

2 uses of lipid

A
  • Provide the energy for the whole body
    + Reserved some fat by storing it under the skin, to produce energy for later
  • insulate the body
46
Q

Why are we cooking oil mostly from the seeds of plants?

A

Because seeds usually stored fats for the germination state

47
Q

What are the chemical reactions called inside every living organism?

A

metabolism

48
Q

When will metabolic reactions take place?

A

Metabolic reactions take place only if the reacting chemicals are dissolved in water

49
Q

Why is water important to living organisms(e.g)?

A
  • Reactions need water, because the chemical dissolve in water, so if cells dry out and have no water, reactions stop and the cell died
50
Q

Functions of water in the body

A

+ removal of waste substances in urine
+ Cooling mechanism
+ transport in blood

51
Q

1 gram of carbohydrates equal to how much energy

A

17kJ of energy

52
Q

What can you tell from the formula of glucose?

A

6 Carbon atoms; 12 Hydrogen atoms and 6 Oxygen atoms (C6H12O6).

53
Q

In what form of carbohydrates do most organisms use for respiration

A

glucose

54
Q

In what form do animals transport carbohydrates in their blood

A

Glucose

55
Q

In what form do animals store their carbohydrates in cell

A

Glycogen

56
Q

In what form of carbohydrates do plants use for transportation?

A

Sucrose

57
Q

In what form of carbohydrates do plants use for storage?

A

Starch

58
Q

Define & describe monosaccharides

A
  • 1 simple sugar molecule
  • simplest kind of carbohydrate
  • Soluble in water, tastes sweet
59
Q

Define & describe disaccharides

A
  • 2 simple sugar molecules joined together

- Soluble in water, tastes sweet

60
Q

Define & describe polysaccharides

A
  • Many molecules of simple sugar team up

- Insoluble, do not taste sweet

61
Q

Element vs. compound

A

Element: a substance that is made up of 1 type of atom
Compound: a substance that is made up of 2 or more types of atoms

62
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons that shell 1 and 2 can hold

A

shell 1: 2

shell 2: 8

63
Q

How to separate solid + solid

A 
depends on its properties 
\+ density
\+ magnetism
\+ solubility
\+ sublimation
64
Q

how to separate solid + liquid

A

filtration + centrifugation

65
Q

how to separate liquid + liquid (immiscible)

A

separating funnel or decanting (Pour off)

66
Q

How to separate liquid + liquid; gas + gas

A

fractional distillation

67
Q

How to separate MANY solid + liquid

A

chromatography

68
Q

When to put the locating agents during the chromatography process

A

After chromatography

69
Q

What is semi-metal

A

metalloids

70
Q

Trends from metal to nonmetal

A
  • less metallic
  • more non-metallic
  • more electronegativity
  • more shells
  • more stable (atom size decreasing)
71
Q

Does transition metal coloured

A

yes

72
Q

Metallic bonding?

A
  • Held together by electrostatic force
  • Metal are packed closely together
  • atoms lose their electrons -> positive
  • Free electrons are delocalised
73
Q

Ionic bonding?

A
  • Involve transferring electrons from one atom to another
  • The oppositely charged ions are being held together by the electrostatic force
  • conduct electricity when molten
    => Strong electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions in all directions -> more energy needed to separate
74
Q

Covalent bond

A

bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms

75
Q

Small covalent molecule

A

the very weak intermolecular force between molecules

76
Q

Giant covalent structure

A

strong covalent bonds, extended in every direction

77
Q

What is inertia

A

the tendency of an object to continue in its state of REST or in MOTION

78
Q

What is the resultant force

A
  • the third force
  • If the forces acting on the object is unbalanced
  • If you are using the vector diagram
  • The sum of all forces acting an object
  • Has the same effect as the reaction forces
79
Q

What type of quantity is the force

A

Vector, increase in size and direction

80
Q

What do you call an object being squashed

A

compression

81
Q

What do you call an object being stretched

A

tension

82
Q

How to calculate the pressure of the liquid

A

pressure = p x g x h

pascal (Pa) = density (kg/m3) x gravitaional force (kg m/s^2) x height (m)

83
Q

What is an organic substance

A

SUBSTANCE must contain carbon atoms + hydrogen atoms

84
Q

Which inorganic substances does a plant use to make carbohydrate

A

Water + carbon dioxide

85
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

the green pigment, found in chloroplasts, that
absorbs energy from sunlight, used to drive
photosynthesis

86
Q

What kind of cell makes the cuticle on a leaf

A

epidermal cells

87
Q

The function of cuticle cells

A

Prevent water loss

88
Q

What are stomata

A

small holes, usually in the bottom of a leaf, enables the gaseous exchange

89
Q

What is guard cell

A

surrounding a stoma, which can change its shape and open or close the stoma

90
Q

Do epidermal cells contain chloroplasts

A

No

91
Q

What substances does a plant need to be able to convert glucose into proteins

A

Sulfur + nitrate

92
Q

Why is glucose not very good for storage in a leaf

A

it’s highly reactive

Science (8 decks)

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