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Biochem 1 > Bio chem Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio chem Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of lipids?

A

Fats and Oils

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2
Q

What are the 5 roles of lipids?

A

Energy, Insulation, Cell membrane integrity, Steroid hormones and like compounds, Fat soluable vitamin absorbtion

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3
Q

How many kcal does one pound of fat contain?

A

3500

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4
Q

What are the simple lipids?

A

Free fatty acids

Triglycerides,

Sterols and steroids

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5
Q

What are the complex lipids

A

PHospholipids and glycolipids

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6
Q

How are most Fatty acids found?

How are they transported?

A

Found as triglycerides, cholesterol esters and phospholipids

In Lipoproteins

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7
Q

Whare percent of fatty acids are found free in the plasma?

How are they transported?

A

<10%

bound to albumin

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8
Q

How are Fatty Acids classified?

A

According to the number orf carbons and the number of double bonds

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9
Q

How many carbons does a short chain FA contain?

what is an example?

A

4-6 Carbons, and it is called butyric acid

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10
Q

How many carbons are contain in a medium chain FA?

What is an example?

A

Contain 8-12 C

An example would be Lauric acid

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11
Q

How many Carbons does a long chain FA contain?

What is an example?

A

14-24

Palmitic acid

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12
Q

What is a FA with no double bonds?

What is it like at room temp?

A

Saturated

Fat (solid)

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13
Q

What is a FA with only one double bond?

What is its consistancy at room temp?

A

Monounsaturated (MUFA)

Oil

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14
Q

What is a FA with more than one double bond?

What is its consitency at room temp?

A

Poluunsaturated (PUFA)

Oil

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15
Q

What functional group is at the end of a FA?

A

Carboxylic Acid

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16
Q

How many carbons are between double bonds?

A

3

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17
Q

Why is there always three carbons between double bonds?

What is the carbon in the middle called?

A

makes the molecule more felxible

The methelene group

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18
Q

Food containing more SFA than UFA is most likely a ________.

A

Fat

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19
Q

What are the two ways that a molecule can be numbered?

A

Starting from the omega(w) or starting with the delta, which is the end with the carboxylic acid.

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20
Q

What are the five steps of naming a delta nomeclature?

A
  1. Chain length
  2. Colon
  3. number of double bonds
  4. count from omega end
  5. list the first c in ALL double bond
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21
Q

What are the five steps of naming a omega nomeclature?

A
  1. Chain length
  2. colon
  3. List the number of double bonds
  4. Count from omega end
  5. List first C in first double bond
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22
Q

What is the omega numbering for

20:4D5,8,11,14?

A

20:4w6

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23
Q

Wghat is the delta numbering of

20:3n-6

A

20:3D8,11,14

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24
Q

What are the Saturated Fatty Acids that we are suppose to know?

(Carbon number and name)

A

12: 0 - Lauric acid
14: 0 - Myristic acid
16: 0 - Palmitic acid
18: 0 - Stearic acid

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25
Q

What are the unsaturated fatty acids that we are suppose to know?

A

Oleic acid

Linoleic acid

Alpha-linolnic

Arachidonic acid (ARA)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

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26
Q

What is the name and delta number for 18:1w9

A

Oleic acid

18:1D9

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27
Q

What is the name and delta number for

18:2w6

A

Linoleic acid

18:2D9,12

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28
Q

What is the name and delta number for

18:3w3

A

Alpha Linolenic acid (ALA)

18:3D9,12,15

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29
Q

What is the name and delta number for

20:4w6

A

Arachidonic acid (ARA)

20:4D5,8,11,14,17

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30
Q

What is the name and delta number for

20:5w3

A

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

20:5D5,8,11,14,17

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31
Q

What is the name and delta number for

22:6w3

A

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

22:6D4,7,10,13,16,19

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32
Q

What are Cis vs. trans formation

A

Geometric isomers

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33
Q

What is unique about the cis formation of fatty acids?

A

The can rotate, making it easier to pack them

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34
Q

What is unique about Trans formation of a FA?

A

they are stuck in the linear position

behave a lot like a saturated FA

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35
Q

How is a trans fat produced?

A

nickel catalyst is added to a unsaturated fat, hydrogen gas is then added.

There are two results that can occur from this:

Partially hydrogenated and fully hydrogenated

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36
Q

What is bad cholesterol and what does it contain?

A

LDL

contains mostly colesterol

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37
Q

What is good cholesterol and what does it contain?

A

HDL

contains mostly protein

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38
Q

Which FA is made primarily in the liver?

A

Oleic acid

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39
Q

what can our body not do in regards to essential FA?

A

cannot add double bond from n-1 to n-6

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40
Q

Which FAs are essential for our bodies and how can we tell?

A

Arachadonic, Eicosapentaenoic, Docosahexaenoic

because they don’t contain an n-9

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41
Q

What are the three things that essential FA do for the body?

A

Cell signaling, gene expression, inflammatory processes

42
Q

what organ is most resistant to dietary changes?

A

Brain

43
Q

What happens when there sis a deficiency of omega 3

A

Visual acuity, peripheral neuropathy

44
Q

What occurs when we don’t get enough DHA in our body

A

converts ARA to DHA which is similiar to DPA

45
Q

What occurs with a deficiency of omega-6

A

scaly skin and extreme thirst

46
Q

Which will be lost first omega-3 or omega-6

A

Omega-6

47
Q

What form of lipid is stored in the highest quantity in the body?

A

Triglycerides (95%)

48
Q

how is a glycerol backbone named

A

sn-1

sn-2

sn-3

steriopecific number

49
Q

What is an monoglyceride (MG)

A

FA on the sn-2

50
Q

What is a Diglyceride D(G)

A

FA on sn-1 and sn-3

51
Q

What mechanism creates a Triglyceride?

A

Dehydrogenase

A H2O molecules is released from each reaction

52
Q

What is the ideal position for a triglyceride

A

The tuning fork

53
Q

What is the fate of TRiglyceride?

A

Stored in lipid droplets (adipose)

packed into VLDL and sent into circulation in the liver

54
Q

Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids attached to a backbone of what?

A

Glycerol

55
Q

What do triglycerides contain more energy per gram than carbs?

A

they are in a more reduced form

56
Q

What makes up a phospholipid

A

contains an SFA on sn-1

an UFA on sn-2

57
Q

What is the most common phopholipid in the body

A

Phosphatidylcholine

58
Q

What are on the three branches of the triglyceride

phosphatidylcholine?

A

Sn-1 Palmitic acid

Sn-2 Oleic acid

Sn-3 Choline

59
Q

What is another name for phosphatidylcholine?

A

Lecithin

60
Q

What occures with a deficit of phosphatidylcholine?

A

main component of lung surfactant, premature infants who don’t have enough can have respiratory distress syndrome

61
Q

What are the main component of phosphatidylethanolanime?

A

sn-1 Stearic acid

sn-2 ARA

sn-3 Ethanolamine

62
Q

what are some unique characteristics of phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

20% of phospholipids

45% of phospholipids in the brain

highly concentrated in mitochondrial membrane

able to H bond

63
Q

What is on the glycerol back bone of phosphatidylserine?

A

sn-1 Stearic acid

sn-2 ARA

sn-3 Serine

64
Q

What are some unique characteristics of phosphatidylserine?

A

<10% of body phospholipids

mostly found in myeline

higher concentration of n-3 and n-6 than any other phospholipid

regulating programmed cell death

65
Q

Which phospholipid is responsible for apoptosis?

A

Phosphatidylserine

66
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programed cell death

67
Q

What makes up phosphatidylinositol?

A

sn-1 Stearic acid

sn-2 ARA

sn-3 Inositol

68
Q

What are some unique characteristics of phosphatidylinositol?

A

makes up 10% of phospholipids in the brain

ARA and sn-2

cell signaling

anchors protein to extracellular membrane

69
Q

What is attached to phosphatidylglycerol?

A

sn-1 Palmitic acid

sn-2 Oleic acid

sn-3 Glycerol

70
Q

What are some of the unique characteristics of phosphatidylglycerol?

A

makes up 1-2% of body phospholipids

Highly saturated

precursor to cardiolipin

mostly found in lung surgactant or mitochondria

71
Q

What are cardiolipin?

A

two fatty acids bound together by sn-3 group

Found exclusively in mitochondrial membrane

72
Q

What is weird about plasmalogen?

A

Has an ether in the sn-1 group instead of an ether

73
Q

What is weird about Platelet activation factor (PAF)?

A

There is an Acetyl group in the sn-2 place.

contains an ether group in the sn-1 position

74
Q

What are the Ether Glycerophospholipids?

A

Plasmalogen

Platelet activation factor

75
Q

What makes up a sphingomyelin?

A

Sphingosine + FA+ phosphate + choline

76
Q

what does phospholipases do?

A

Part of digestion

Found in toxins and venoms

Bacteria can produce to dissolve membranes to spread infection

77
Q

where does phospholipase A1 usually attack?

A

Sn1

78
Q

What FA would be sheared off by phospholipase A2?

A

an unsaturated FA in the Sn2 position

79
Q

What makes up a ceramide?

A

sphingosine + FA

80
Q

What breaks apart a ceramide?

A

ceramidase

81
Q

Why is ceramide important?

A

It is important in cell signaling and regulatoin of cell death

Makes up 5050 of lipids in stratum corneum(outer most layer of the epidermis)

Regulates water permeability of skin

82
Q

What makes up a glycolipid?

A

Carb + lipid

83
Q

What occurs during a brown recluse spider bite?

A

venom contains a sphingomyelinase producing a ceramide derivative

84
Q

What makes up a Glycosphongolipid?

A

1-10 sugars + ceramide

85
Q

What makes up a sphingomyelin?

A

Ceramide + Phos + choline

86
Q

What makes up a Ganglioside?

A

Ceramide + (2+ sugars)

87
Q

What makes up a Galactocerebroside?

A

Ceramide + galactose

88
Q

What makes up a Glucocerebroside?

A

Glucose + ceramide

89
Q

What usually causes a genetic disease

A

Accumulation of missing or malformed enzymes

90
Q

What genetic disease is causes by an accumulatoin of Ceramide?

A

Farber disease

Joint deformity

91
Q

What disease is cuased by a genetic defect in the enzyme sphingomyelinase leading to the accumulation of sphingomyelin in the brain, liver and spleen?

A

Niemann-Pick disease

92
Q

What are the essential FAs?

A

n-6 and n-3

93
Q

How does linoleic acid become Arachidonic?

What is the omega number for each?

A

Desaturation, elongation, desaturation

Omega 6

94
Q

What does ARA do?

A

Prevents water loss from skin

Cell signaling,

Blood clotting

95
Q

What does Alpha Linolenic acid do to become DPA or DHA?

A

Elongation and desaturation

96
Q

What does EPA do?

A

Thins blood

Anti-inflammatory

97
Q

What does DHA do?

A

Cell signaling

important component of phospholipids for the brain and the retina

98
Q

What do you call a 20 C hormone

A

Eicosanoid

99
Q

What are the five types of ecosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins (PG)

Thromboxanes (TX)

Leukotrienes (LT)

Resolvins (Rv)

Liposins (lX)

100
Q

What are the two eicosanoid enzymes and how do the work?

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX) - removes 2 double bonds

Lipoxygenase (LOX) - does not change the number of double bonds

Biochem 1 (2 decks)

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