bio chapter 5

Question 1

What is metabolic rate?

Answer 1

a measure of the speed with which your body uses energy.

Question 2

What does metabolic rate depend on?

Answer 2

genetics, age, gender, height, weight, and muscle mass.

Question 3

All living cells require what?

Answer 3

energy

Question 4

From what must living cells obtain energy?

Answer 4

the living or nonliving components of their environment.

Question 5

What do organisms use energy to manufacture

Answer 5

the many chemical compounds that make up living cells, and for growth, reproduction, and defense.

Question 6

What is energy?

Answer 6

the capacity of any object to do work.

Question 7

What is work?

Answer 7

the capacity to bring about a change in a defined system.

Question 8

What is potential energy?

Answer 8

the energy stored in any system as a consequence of its position.

Question 9

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 9

the energy a system possesses as a consequence of its state of motion.

Question 10

What is chemical energy?

Answer 10

the potential energy stored in atoms because of their position in relation to other atoms.

Question 11

What other types of energy is included in kinetic energy?

Answer 11

mechanical energy, electrical energy, light energy, and heat energy.

Question 12

What is heat energy?

Answer 12

that portion of the total energy of a particle that can flow.

Question 13

Principles of the first law of thermodynamics.

Answer 13

• Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
• The total energy of any closed system remains the same overtime.
• Energy can be converted from one form to another.

Question 14

What does the second law of thermodynamic state?

Answer 14

the natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized over time.

Question 15

What is the primary energy source in more ecosystems?

Answer 15

the sun.

Question 16

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 16

the metabolic pathway that transforms light energy from the sun into the chemical energy of food molecules.

Question 17

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 17

the oxygen-dependent breakdown of food molecules to release a form of energy that is usable within a cell.

Question 18

What is catabolism

Answer 18

the linked chain of energy-producing reactions that release chemical energy in the process of breaking down complex biomolecules.

Question 19

What is anabolism

Answer 19

the linked chain of energy-requiring reactions that create complex biomolecules from smaller organic compounds.

Question 20

What is oxidation?

Answer 20

the loss of a molecule, atom, or ion.

Question 21

What is reduction?

Answer 21

the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion. oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) are complementary reactions.

Question 22

What do enzymes act as?

Answer 22

biological catalysts: they speed up chemical reactions without being changed themselves.

Question 23

What do substrates do?

Answer 23

they bind to the active site of an enzyme based on the site’s size, shape, and chemistry.

Question 24

According to the induced fit model…

Answer 24

enzymes can adjust slightly to fit a substrate.

Question 25

What is the basal metabolic rate?

Answer 25

the energy the body uses when the subject is resting calmly under specific conditions (particular temperature, no meals in last 12 hours).

Question 26

What do enzymes help us do?

Answer 26

help us digest food

Question 27

Why are multistep metabolic pathways able to proceed rapidly and efficiently?

Answer 27

because:
-enzymes and reactants are concentrated inside special organelles.
- enzymes in the pathway are close together, so the products of one reaction act as the substrate for the next reaction in the series.

Question 28

When is activation energy lowered?

Answer 28

when enzymes bind to reactants and strain their chemical bonds in ways that promote product formation.

Question 29

When do chemical reactions occur spontaneously?

Answer 29

if the products are at a lower energy state than the reactants.