Bio Chapter 2 Flashcards
0
Q
Basic unit of matter
A
Atom
1
Q
YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO SHUFFLE BUT YOU SHOUKD KEEP IN ORDER UP TO YOU
A
~~~~~~~~~~
2
Q
What makes up an atom?
A
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
3
Q
______________ and _____________ have the same mass
A
Protons and neutrons
4
Q
Positively charged particle, and binds together with neutron forming the nucleus
A
Proton
5
Q
1/1840 the mass of a proton and is a negatively charged particle
A
Electron
6
Q
____________ are neutral because they have equal numbers of electrons and protons
A
Atoms
7
Q
What are the electron levels?
A
2 e-
8 e-
18 e-
32 e-
8
Q
_____________ number is the proton number
A
Atomic
9
Q
Mass of an atom = ______________ + _____________
A
Protons + neutrons
10
Q
Mass - protons = ______________
A
Neutrons
11
Q
Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
A
Element
12
Q
Same element with different number of neutrons
A
Isotope
13
Q
What is an isotope identified by?
A
Mass number
14
Q
Radioactive isotope
A
When the nuclei is unstable and breaks down at a constant rate over time
15
Q
most atoms combine in such a way
that their outer most energy level acquires a
total of eight electrons
A
Octet rule
16
Q
most atoms combine in such a way
that their outer most energy level acquires a
total of two electrons
A
Duet rule
17
Q
force holding atoms together
A
Chemical bond
18
Q
What are the main types of chemical bonds?
A
Covalent bonds and ionic bonds
19
Q
What is a covalent bond?
A
The sharing of electrons
20
Q
The attraction of ions with different/opposite charges
A
Ionic bond
21
Q
What is a substance consisting of atoms of
more than one element chemically combined?
A
Molecule
22
Q
A positive charge is when you ___________ an electron
A
Loose
23
Q
A negative charge is when you _____________ an electron
A
Gain
24
What are the four common elements?
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & carbon
25
What is the law of conservation of mass?
during a chemical equation mass is neither created
| nor destroyed
26
When molecules are close together, a slight
attraction can develop between oppositely
charged molecules (not as strong as other
bonds)
van dear Waals forces
27
van der Waals forces -> _________ charge of ionic bond attract
Opposite
28
What is an isomer?
Same simple formula but has a different structural formula
29
T/F: if something has a charge it cannot react with water.
F: it CAN react with water
30
Unevenly distributed charges
Polar Molecule
31
Can polar molecule mess with water? Why or why not?
Yes because they have a charge
32
Will nonpolar molecules mess with water?
No
33
What are hydrogen bonds for?
To hold water molecules together
34
What is Cohesion?
Cohesion is the attraction (clinging together) of the same kind of molecule
35
What is adhesion?
Attraction between molecules of different substances
36
Movement of molecules against the force of gravity
Capillary action
37
A material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically combined together but not chemically combined together
Mixture
38
What are the two types of mixtures (with water)?
1. Solutions
| 2. Suspensions
39
Materials evenly distributed (covalent)
Solutions
40
Materials do not dissolve (ionic)
Suspensions
41
What does saturate mean?
Holding as much as possible
42
__________ dissolves in a __________
Solute dissolves in a solvent
43
Which is the greater part and which is lesser part for Solute and Solvent?
Greater: solvent
Lesser: solute
44
Acid = ________
Sour
45
Acids are ________
| Bases are ________
Acids are positive
| Bases are negative
46
Each step on the pH scale is a power of __
10
47
1-6 are ______
Acids
48
8-14 are ______
Bases
49
Which is stronger 1 or 6 and 8 or 14?
1 and 14
50
What is 7 on pH scale
It is water and neutral
51
What are buffers?
Weak acids and bases used to keep the pH levels constant
52
What do organic and inorganic compounds contain?
Carbon
53
What are the groups of organic compounds listed from simple to complex?
1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Protein
4) Nucleic Acids
54
What are carbohydrates the main source of?
Energy
55
What is the formula for carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
56
What is the universal fuel/food?
Glucose
57
Single sugar building blocks for complex carbohydrates
monosaccharides
58
What are the three monosaccharides?
1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose
59
What is the formula for monosaccharides?
C6 H12 O6
60
The monosaccharides are __________ because they have the same formula but different structure
Isomers
61
Double sugar contains two monosaccharides
Disaccharides
62
What are the three disaccharides?
1) sucrose
2) maltose
3) lactose
63
Sucrose = ___________+__________
Glucose + fructose
64
Maltose=__________+__________
Glucose + glucose
65
Lactose=__________+_________
Glucose +galactose
66
What is the formula for the disaccharides?
C12 H22 O11
67
What are polysaccharides?
Large carbohydrates
68
Most complex carbohydrates
Starches
69
What are the two starches?
1) cellulose(plants)
| 2) glycogen(animals)
70
Name the three lipids
Fats
Waxes
Oils
71
Formula for lipids
CHO
72
Fats=____________+___________
3 fatty acids + glycerol
73
Fatty acids have a _________ group
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
74
No double bonds between carbon molecules
Saturated fats
75
Have double bonds
Unsaturated fats
76
What are proteins used for?
Growth, development, maintenance, and repair
77
____________________ are the building blocks for protein
Amino acids
78
Formula for proteins
C H O N
79
Amino acids are compounds that contain
Amino group: -NH2
| Carboxyl group: -COOH
80
Bond between amino acids
Peptide bond
81
Two amino acids bonded
Dipeptide
82
Many amino acids bonded
Polypeptide
83
100s of amino acids bonded
Protein
84
How many different amino acids are there?
20
85
What are the 4 ways protein differs?
1) arrangement of amino acids
2) order of sequence of amino acids
3) kinds of amino acids
4) Number of amino acids
86
The structure of a protein differs based on what?
R- Group
87
What does the R-Group determine
The type of amino acids it is
88
List the level of protein organization
Primary: linear sequence (chain/sting w pearls)
Secondary: chains are twisted or folded
Tertiary: numerous chains form tight structure
Quanternary: extremely tight structures
89
What are nucleic acids made up of?
Nucleotides
90
1) 5-Carbon Sugar
2) Nitrogen Base
3) Phosphate Group
Name the parts of a nucleotide
91
What do the Nucleic acids contain (their formula)?
Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, phosphate
92
What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?
| *know the full name*
```
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
```
93
What do both DNA and RNA control
They both control heredity
94
New molecule is made by removing water
Dehydration Synthesis
95
Breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones by adding water
Hydrolysis
96
What is potential energyf
Energy of position or stored energy
97
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion
98
Energy stored in bonds
Chemical energy
99
Explain the law of conservation of energy
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can be transformed or charged
100
What is activation energy
Energy required to start a reaction
101
What do enzymes do?
They lower the activation energy
102
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
103
What does -ase mean when in a word
It means it is a enzyme EXCEPT FOR BASE
104
What is a substrate?
Substance enzyme axon
105
What is an active site
Where the substrate fits into the enzyme
106
What does included fit mean?
It means the enzyme shape slightly changes for it to fit the substrat, BUT goes back to original shape
107
List the enzyme properties
1) not chemically changed during the reaction
2) are proteins
3) are specific
4) are reasonable
108
T/F all enzymes are proteins and all proteins are enzymes
F: all enzymes are proteins BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES
109
What may an enzyme be effected by?
pH level and temperature
110
What do co-enzymes do?
They help enzymes, and can be vitamins
111
What essential roles do enzymes have?
Regulating chemical pathways, making materials that sells need, releasing energy, and transferring information.
