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Flashcardlet//Bio > Bio Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Basic unit of matter

A

Atom

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1
Q

YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO SHUFFLE BUT YOU SHOUKD KEEP IN ORDER UP TO YOU

A

~~~~~~~~~~

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2
Q

What makes up an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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3
Q

______________ and _____________ have the same mass

A

Protons and neutrons

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4
Q

Positively charged particle, and binds together with neutron forming the nucleus

A

Proton

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5
Q

1/1840 the mass of a proton and is a negatively charged particle

A

Electron

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6
Q

____________ are neutral because they have equal numbers of electrons and protons

A

Atoms

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7
Q

What are the electron levels?

A

2 e-
8 e-
18 e-
32 e-

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8
Q

_____________ number is the proton number

A

Atomic

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9
Q

Mass of an atom = ______________ + _____________

A

Protons + neutrons

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10
Q

Mass - protons = ______________

A

Neutrons

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11
Q

Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

A

Element

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12
Q

Same element with different number of neutrons

A

Isotope

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13
Q

What is an isotope identified by?

A

Mass number

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14
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

When the nuclei is unstable and breaks down at a constant rate over time

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15
Q

most atoms combine in such a way
that their outer most energy level acquires a
total of eight electrons

A

Octet rule

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16
Q

most atoms combine in such a way
that their outer most energy level acquires a
total of two electrons

A

Duet rule

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17
Q

force holding atoms together

A

Chemical bond

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18
Q

What are the main types of chemical bonds?

A

Covalent bonds and ionic bonds

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19
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The sharing of electrons

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20
Q

The attraction of ions with different/opposite charges

A

Ionic bond

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21
Q

What is a substance consisting of atoms of

more than one element chemically combined?

A

Molecule

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22
Q

A positive charge is when you ___________ an electron

A

Loose

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23
Q

A negative charge is when you _____________ an electron

A

Gain

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24
Q

What are the four common elements?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & carbon

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25
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

during a chemical equation mass is neither created

nor destroyed

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26
Q

When molecules are close together, a slight
attraction can develop between oppositely
charged molecules (not as strong as other
bonds)

A

van dear Waals forces

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27
Q

van der Waals forces -> _________ charge of ionic bond attract

A

Opposite

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28
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Same simple formula but has a different structural formula

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29
Q

T/F: if something has a charge it cannot react with water.

A

F: it CAN react with water

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30
Q

Unevenly distributed charges

A

Polar Molecule

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31
Q

Can polar molecule mess with water? Why or why not?

A

Yes because they have a charge

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32
Q

Will nonpolar molecules mess with water?

A

No

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33
Q

What are hydrogen bonds for?

A

To hold water molecules together

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34
Q

What is Cohesion?

A

Cohesion is the attraction (clinging together) of the same kind of molecule

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35
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Attraction between molecules of different substances

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36
Q

Movement of molecules against the force of gravity

A

Capillary action

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37
Q

A material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically combined together but not chemically combined together

A

Mixture

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38
Q

What are the two types of mixtures (with water)?

A
  1. Solutions

2. Suspensions

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39
Q

Materials evenly distributed (covalent)

A

Solutions

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40
Q

Materials do not dissolve (ionic)

A

Suspensions

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41
Q

What does saturate mean?

A

Holding as much as possible

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42
Q

__________ dissolves in a __________

A

Solute dissolves in a solvent

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43
Q

Which is the greater part and which is lesser part for Solute and Solvent?

A

Greater: solvent
Lesser: solute

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44
Q

Acid = ________

A

Sour

45
Q

Acids are ________

Bases are ________

A

Acids are positive

Bases are negative

46
Q

Each step on the pH scale is a power of __

A

10

47
Q

1-6 are ______

A

Acids

48
Q

8-14 are ______

A

Bases

49
Q

Which is stronger 1 or 6 and 8 or 14?

A

1 and 14

50
Q

What is 7 on pH scale

A

It is water and neutral

51
Q

What are buffers?

A

Weak acids and bases used to keep the pH levels constant

52
Q

What do organic and inorganic compounds contain?

A

Carbon

53
Q

What are the groups of organic compounds listed from simple to complex?

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Protein
4) Nucleic Acids

54
Q

What are carbohydrates the main source of?

A

Energy

55
Q

What is the formula for carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

56
Q

What is the universal fuel/food?

A

Glucose

57
Q

Single sugar building blocks for complex carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

58
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose

59
Q

What is the formula for monosaccharides?

A

C6 H12 O6

60
Q

The monosaccharides are __________ because they have the same formula but different structure

A

Isomers

61
Q

Double sugar contains two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

62
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

1) sucrose
2) maltose
3) lactose

63
Q

Sucrose = ___________+__________

A

Glucose + fructose

64
Q

Maltose=__________+__________

A

Glucose + glucose

65
Q

Lactose=__________+_________

A

Glucose +galactose

66
Q

What is the formula for the disaccharides?

A

C12 H22 O11

67
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Large carbohydrates

68
Q

Most complex carbohydrates

A

Starches

69
Q

What are the two starches?

A

1) cellulose(plants)

2) glycogen(animals)

70
Q

Name the three lipids

A

Fats
Waxes
Oils

71
Q

Formula for lipids

A

CHO

72
Q

Fats=____________+___________

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol

73
Q

Fatty acids have a _________ group

A

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

74
Q

No double bonds between carbon molecules

A

Saturated fats

75
Q

Have double bonds

A

Unsaturated fats

76
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Growth, development, maintenance, and repair

77
Q

____________________ are the building blocks for protein

A

Amino acids

78
Q

Formula for proteins

A

C H O N

79
Q

Amino acids are compounds that contain

A

Amino group: -NH2

Carboxyl group: -COOH

80
Q

Bond between amino acids

A

Peptide bond

81
Q

Two amino acids bonded

A

Dipeptide

82
Q

Many amino acids bonded

A

Polypeptide

83
Q

100s of amino acids bonded

A

Protein

84
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

85
Q

What are the 4 ways protein differs?

A

1) arrangement of amino acids
2) order of sequence of amino acids
3) kinds of amino acids
4) Number of amino acids

86
Q

The structure of a protein differs based on what?

A

R- Group

87
Q

What does the R-Group determine

A

The type of amino acids it is

88
Q

List the level of protein organization

A

Primary: linear sequence (chain/sting w pearls)
Secondary: chains are twisted or folded
Tertiary: numerous chains form tight structure
Quanternary: extremely tight structures

89
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

Nucleotides

90
Q

1) 5-Carbon Sugar
2) Nitrogen Base
3) Phosphate Group

A

Name the parts of a nucleotide

91
Q

What do the Nucleic acids contain (their formula)?

A

Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, phosphate

92
Q

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

know the full name

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
93
Q

What do both DNA and RNA control

A

They both control heredity

94
Q

New molecule is made by removing water

A

Dehydration Synthesis

95
Q

Breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones by adding water

A

Hydrolysis

96
Q

What is potential energyf

A

Energy of position or stored energy

97
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of motion

98
Q

Energy stored in bonds

A

Chemical energy

99
Q

Explain the law of conservation of energy

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can be transformed or charged

100
Q

What is activation energy

A

Energy required to start a reaction

101
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They lower the activation energy

102
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

103
Q

What does -ase mean when in a word

A

It means it is a enzyme EXCEPT FOR BASE

104
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Substance enzyme axon

105
Q

What is an active site

A

Where the substrate fits into the enzyme

106
Q

What does included fit mean?

A

It means the enzyme shape slightly changes for it to fit the substrat, BUT goes back to original shape

107
Q

List the enzyme properties

A

1) not chemically changed during the reaction
2) are proteins
3) are specific
4) are reasonable

108
Q

T/F all enzymes are proteins and all proteins are enzymes

A

F: all enzymes are proteins BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES

109
Q

What may an enzyme be effected by?

A

pH level and temperature

110
Q

What do co-enzymes do?

A

They help enzymes, and can be vitamins

111
Q

What essential roles do enzymes have?

A

Regulating chemical pathways, making materials that sells need, releasing energy, and transferring information.

Flashcardlet//Bio (1 decks)

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