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Biology Gr.11 > Bio Chap.4 > Flashcards

Bio Chap.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A
  • All living things are composed of one or more cells.
  • Cells are the smallest units of living organisms.
  • New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division.
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2
Q

“Traits are passed on through _____ in the form of DNA”

A

genetic material

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3
Q

DNA stands for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What does the nucleus do in a cell?

A

The nucleus is the control centre of the cell and tells the cell what to do

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5
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Chromosomes are made up of DNA

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6
Q

What is inside the nucleus?

A

Inside the nucleus are some thread-like structures called Chromosomes.

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7
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a chemical that contains the instructions that mean the cell can make a copy of itself.

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8
Q

What are sections of DNA called?

A

Genes

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9
Q

What are genes responsible for?

A

Genes are responsible for an organism’s features.

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10
Q

What are some examples of genes?

A

Ex; Eye colour, hair colour, skin colour, and height

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11
Q

What are the three functions of cell division in multicellular organisms?

A

Growth of the organism, repair of tissues and organs, and maintenance to replace dead cells

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12
Q

Somatic cell =?

A

Body cell (not including reproductive cells (gametes))

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13
Q

As one cell completes a cycle…

A

it becomes two cells

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14
Q

How long does the cell cycle last in most healthy, actively dividing animal cells?

A

12 to 24 hours

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15
Q

What are the 3 main stages in the cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase: growth and intense cell activity
  2. Mitosis: The cell’s nucleus and genetic material divide
  3. Cytokinesis: division of the cell cytoplasm and creation of new cells.
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16
Q

Interphase is divided into what 3 phases?

A

Growth 1(G1), Synthesis (S), and Growth 2 (G2).

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17
Q

What is G1

A

G1 is the major period of growth.

18
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

S phase is when DNA (also called chromatin) is replicated.

19
Q

What is G2?

A

G2 involves further growth and molecule synthesis.

20
Q

What happens when DNA is replicated during Interphase?

A

The double helix unwinds and each strand of DNA serves as a template for a new strand. Each new double helix contains one original strand and one new strand.

21
Q

What are the structures involved in Mitosis?

A
  • Chromosomes
  • Sister chromatid
  • Centromere
  • Spindle Fibre
  • Centrosome
22
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A structure in the nucleus that contains DNA.

23
Q

What is sister chromatid?

A

One of two genetically identical chromosomes and are held together at the centromere.

24
Q

What is a centromere:

A

The region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome.

25
Q

What is spindle fibre?

A

A microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell.

26
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

A structure that helps to form the spindle fibres.

27
Q

True or False: Is the process of cytokinesis different in different cell types?

A

True

28
Q

How do animal cells divide during cytokinesis?

A

In animal cells, an indentation forms in the cell membrane along the cell’s equator. It deepens as the cytoplasm divides equally, and the cell pinches off into two cells.

29
Q

How do plant cells divide during cytokinesis?

A

In plant cells, the rigid cell wall does not pinch inward. Instead, a new structure called a cell plate forms between the daughter nuclei. A cell wall forms on each side of the cell plate

30
Q

What is DNA comprised of?

A

Nucleotides

31
Q

What are Nucleotides made up of?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose), A phospahte group, and a base.

32
Q

What are the 4 bases?

A

-Adenine (A)
-Guanine (G)
-Cytosine (C)
-Thymine (T)

33
Q

Across the middle of the helix, what pair with what?

A

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

34
Q

How is DNA shaped?

A

DNA is shaped like a long, spiralling double helix

35
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

36
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

37
Q

1 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are special, what are they?

A

Sex chromosomes

38
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

An X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism.

39
Q

True or False: The two chromosomes, called X and Y are homologous.

A

False

40
Q

XX = ?, XY = ?

A

Female, Male

41
Q

What are the rest of the chromosomes called?

A

Autosomes

Biology Gr.11 (2 decks)

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