Bio chap 1-5 Flashcards
Consisting of two or more different elements.
Compounds
Substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reaction
Elements
The smallest component of An element
Atom
Protons, electrons, neutrons
Subatomic particles
Different number of neutrons in atoms of the same element.
Isotope
Electrons present in the outermost shell. Determines characteristics of the element.
Valence electrons
Outermost shells containing electrons
Valence shells
A shared bond. Strongest bond
Covalent bond
Sharing of electrons is equal.
Non polar covalent bond
Sharing of electrons is unequal.
Polar covalent bond
Transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Ionic bond
A particle that is electrically charged.
Ion
Positive ion
Cation
Negative ion
Anion
Chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between 2 electronegative atoms. With one side being a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond.
Hydrogen bond
Binding together of like molecules
Cohesion
Surface of liquid becomes cooler during evaporation.
Evaporative cooling
Homogenous mixture of substances.
Solution
Dissolving agent
Solvent
Substance being dissolved.
Solute
Substance that increases it’s hydrogen ion concentration.- will donate a proton.
Acid
Substance that reduces it’s hydrogen ion bases. -will accept protons.
Base
H3O+
Hydronium ion
H2O => H+ + OH-
Hydroxide ion
Measure of H+ concentrations
pH
Able to absorb OR donate H+. Neutral.
Buffer
Acts as a branching point for other elements.
Tetra valence
Chain of carbon and hydrogen bonded together-organic molecules
Hydrocarbon
Alcohol group-dissolves organic compounds.
Hydroxyl
Forms sugars (carbohydrates)
Carbonyl
Acts as acids
Carboxl
Acts as bases
Amino
Written as SH or HS, stabilizes protein structure.
Sulfydryl
Gives a molecule a negative charge and releases energy.
Phosphate
(CH3) affects gene expression and sex determination.
Methyl
The study of carbon compounds
Organic chemistry
Macromolecules. Name them.
Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.
Long chain of similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
Polymer
Smaller molecule that constitute the building blocks for polymers.
Monomers
Process when two monomers are bonded together to for a polymer.
Dehydration
Process when polymers are broken down into monomers
Hydrolysis
Consists of simple or complex sugars
Carbohydrate
Simple sugar, monomers of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Polymer of carbohydrates
Polysaccharide
Not true polymers, don’t have monomer units, mix poorly with water
Lipid
Water hating
Hydrophobic
Water loving
Hydrophilic
Saturated and unsaturated fats
Fatty acids
No double bonding between carbon, only 1 electron is shared. Single bond. Fats are solid at room temp.
Saturated fat
Possess some double bonds between carbon. Liquid at room temp.
Unsaturated fats
Main component of cell membranes. Only has two fatty acid tails. Similar
To fat molecules.
Phospholipid
4 fused carbon rings
Produces hormones
Steroids
Acts as a catalyst for chemical reactions
Enzyme
Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions
Catalyst
Determines shape and function of a protein
Polypeptide
Possess both a carboxylate and amino functional group. Monomers for protein.
Amino acid
Covalent bond between two amino acids
Peptide bond
Arrangement of amino acid
Primary protein structure
Twist and fold of a peptide. Determined by amino acid arrangement
Secondary protein structure
3D shape of protein
Tertiary structure
2 or more proteins
Quaternary structure
Specific sequence of DNA that codes for the production of protein
Gene
Provides direction for it’s replication
DNA
Controls protein synthesis
RNA
Compacted DNA strand that carries genetic info.
Chromosome
Sugar and phosphate bond- links two adjacent nucleotides
Polynucleotide
Store and transmit genetic info
Nucleic acid
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
Pyrimidine
Adenine, guanine
Purine
Base pairing allows for self replication
Antiparallel
