BIO CH 3: Biologically important molecules

Question 1

Side chain

Answer 1

variable R-group

decides chem and physical properties

Question 2

Peptide bonds

Answer 2

covalently link AAs together into polypeptide chains

Question 3

Disulfide bridges

Answer 3

covalently bond cysteine R-groups

Question 4

Backbone

Answer 4

NCCNCC

Question 5

Residue

Answer 5

Individual AA when part of polupeptide chain

Question 6

Proteolysis or Proteolytic Cleavage

Answer 6

Hydrolysis of protein by another protein (proteolytic enzyme AKA protease)

Question 7

Denatured

Answer 7

improperly folded non-functional proteins

Disrupted protein shape WO breaking peptide bonds

Question 8

What can cause denaturing?

Answer 8

1. Urea (H-bonds)
2. pH extremes
3. Temperature extremes
4. salt concentration changes (tonicity)

Question 9

Primary structure

Answer 9

AA sequence

Bond: peptide

Question 10

Secondary Structure

Answer 10

initial folding of polypeptide chain into shapes

Bond: H-bond bw NH and CO

Shapes: a-helix and B-pleated

Question 11

What are the 2 types of B-sheets

Answer 11

parallel and anti-parallel

Question 12

Tertiary Structure

Answer 12

Interactions bw AA residues distant from each other in the polypeptide chain

Bonds/interactions: hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
1. Non-covalent
2. van der Waals
3. H-bonds
4. disulfide
5. Electrostatic

Question 13

Quaternary Structure

Answer 13

Interactions bw polypeptide subunits

Bonds same as tertiary but no peptide

Question 14

Oxidation

Answer 14

Breaks down carbohydrates into CO2

Release large amt of energy

Question 15

Monosaccharide

Answer 15

single unit

simple sugar

Formula: CnH2nOn

Question 16

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 16

bond bw sugar molecules

covalent bond

dehydration rxn

requires enzymatic catalysis

Question 17

In adipose cells, … store energy

Answer 17

triglycerides (fats)

Question 18

In cellular membranes, … constitute a barrier bw intracellular and extracellular environments

Answer 18

phospholipids

Question 19

… is a special lipid that serves as the building block fo rthe hydrophobic steriod hormones

Answer 19

cholesterol

Question 20

Saturated

Answer 20

Fatty acid w no C-C double bonds

Every C is covalently bound to MAX H

Question 21

Unsaturated

Answer 21

have >/= 1 double bond in tail

Ususally Z or cis

Question 22

Triacylglyerol AKA Triglyceride

Answer 22

composed of 3 fatty acids esterified to a glycerol

Question 23

Lipase

Answer 23

Enzymes that hydrolyze fats

Question 24

Phospholipids

Answer 24

form lipid bilayer thru hydrophobic interactions then van der Waals to stabilize

Question 25

Cholesterol

Answer 25

LOW temps INCR fluidity HIGH temps DECR fluidity

Question 26

What determines membrane fluidity

Answer 26

1. Saturation 2. tail length 3. amt of cholesterol

Question 27

Terpene

Answer 27

Formula: (C5H8)n

Question 28

Terpenoids

Answer 28

built from isoprene skeleton and other elements added

Question 29

What makes up steroids

Answer 29

Cholesterol

Question 30

Anhydride linkage

Answer 30

binds 2 orthophosphates (AKA phsophate) to form pyrophosphate

Question 31

What is an example of a high-energy phosphate bond

Answer 31

POP bond in pyrophosphate

Question 32

Nucleotide

Answer 32

Contains: 1. Ribose or deoxyribose sugar 2. purine or pyrimidine (1') 3. 1,2, or 3 phosphate units (5')

Question 33

What are enzymes called that make polymers (AKA macromolecules)

Answer 33

polymerases

Question 34

What is the reaction called that makes polymers

Answer 34

polymerization

Question 35

Why is peptide bond so important

Answer 35

Defines primary protein structure

Question 36

What is the monomer of carbohydrates

Answer 36

monosaccharides

Question 37

What is the formula for monosaccharides

Answer 37

CnH2nOn

Question 38

What are some examples of monosaccharides

Answer 38

6 Carbon 1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose 5 Carbon 1. Ribose 2. Deoxyribose

Question 39

What's the formula for disaccharides?

Answer 39

C12H22O11 Different than monosaccharides d/t dehydration synthesis lose H2O

Question 40

What're some examples of disaccharides

Answer 40

Maltose Sucrose Lactose

Question 41

What're some examples of polysaccharides

Answer 41

Glycogen Starch Cellulose

Question 42

What's the monomer of lipids

Answer 42

hydrocarbon

Question 43

Saturated fats are ... at room temperature

Answer 43

solid

Question 44

Unsaturated fats are ... at rm temp

Answer 44

liquid dt double bond

Question 45

Difference bw Cis and trans fatty acids

Answer 45

cis = z all natural "same side" Trans unnaturally made stack easily "opposide side"

Question 46

What are the 4 types of lipids?

Answer 46

1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Terpenes 4. Cholesterol and derivatives

Question 47

What makes up a triglyceride

Answer 47

glycerol + 3 fatty acids Form thru esterification (dehydration -3H2O)

Question 48

Triglyceride fn

Answer 48

1. stored long term energy 2. packing and insulation 3. efficient dt hydrophobic

Question 49

Phospholipid fn

Answer 49

cell membrane dt amipathic

Question 50

Terpenes are built from multiple ... units

Answer 50

isoprene

Question 51

Need at least ... isoprenes to make a terpene

Question 52

What makes naming terpenes hard

Answer 52

count based on double isprenes

Question 52

What makes naming terpenes hard

Answer 52

count based on double isprenes

Question 53

Terpene function

Answer 53

waxes oils earwax

Question 54

Cholesterol function

Answer 54

cell membrane precursor to steroids bile salts