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LO MCAT BIO > BIO CH 3: Biologically important molecules > Flashcards

BIO CH 3: Biologically important molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Side chain

A

variable R-group

decides chem and physical properties

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2
Q

Peptide bonds

A

covalently link AAs together into polypeptide chains

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3
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

covalently bond cysteine R-groups

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4
Q

Backbone

A

NCCNCC

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5
Q

Residue

A

Individual AA when part of polupeptide chain

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6
Q

Proteolysis or Proteolytic Cleavage

A

Hydrolysis of protein by another protein (proteolytic enzyme AKA protease)

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7
Q

Denatured

A

improperly folded non-functional proteins

Disrupted protein shape WO breaking peptide bonds

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8
Q

What can cause denaturing?

A
  1. Urea (H-bonds)
  2. pH extremes
  3. Temperature extremes
  4. salt concentration changes (tonicity)
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9
Q

Primary structure

A

AA sequence

Bond: peptide

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10
Q

Secondary Structure

A

initial folding of polypeptide chain into shapes

Bond: H-bond bw NH and CO

Shapes: a-helix and B-pleated

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of B-sheets

A

parallel and anti-parallel

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12
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Interactions bw AA residues distant from each other in the polypeptide chain

Bonds/interactions: hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
1. Non-covalent
2. van der Waals
3. H-bonds
4. disulfide
5. Electrostatic

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13
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Interactions bw polypeptide subunits

Bonds same as tertiary but no peptide

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14
Q

Oxidation

A

Breaks down carbohydrates into CO2

Release large amt of energy

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15
Q

Monosaccharide

A

single unit

simple sugar

Formula: CnH2nOn

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16
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

bond bw sugar molecules

covalent bond

dehydration rxn

requires enzymatic catalysis

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17
Q

In adipose cells, … store energy

A

triglycerides (fats)

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18
Q

In cellular membranes, … constitute a barrier bw intracellular and extracellular environments

A

phospholipids

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19
Q

… is a special lipid that serves as the building block fo rthe hydrophobic steriod hormones

A

cholesterol

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20
Q

Saturated

A

Fatty acid w no C-C double bonds

Every C is covalently bound to MAX H

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21
Q

Unsaturated

A

have >/= 1 double bond in tail

Ususally Z or cis

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22
Q

Triacylglyerol AKA Triglyceride

A

composed of 3 fatty acids esterified to a glycerol

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23
Q

Lipase

A

Enzymes that hydrolyze fats

24
Q

Phospholipids

A

form lipid bilayer thru hydrophobic interactions then van der Waals to stabilize

25
Q

Cholesterol

A

LOW temps
INCR fluidity

HIGH temps
DECR fluidity

26
Q

What determines membrane fluidity

A
  1. Saturation
  2. tail length
  3. amt of cholesterol
27
Q

Terpene

A

Formula: (C5H8)n

28
Q

Terpenoids

A

built from isoprene skeleton and other elements added

29
Q

What makes up steroids

A

Cholesterol

30
Q

Anhydride linkage

A

binds 2 orthophosphates (AKA phsophate) to form pyrophosphate

31
Q

What is an example of a high-energy phosphate bond

A

POP bond in pyrophosphate

32
Q

Nucleotide

A

Contains:
1. Ribose or deoxyribose sugar
2. purine or pyrimidine (1’)
3. 1,2, or 3 phosphate units (5’)

33
Q

What are enzymes called that make polymers (AKA macromolecules)

A

polymerases

34
Q

What is the reaction called that makes polymers

A

polymerization

35
Q

Why is peptide bond so important

A

Defines primary protein structure

36
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

37
Q

What is the formula for monosaccharides

A

CnH2nOn

38
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides

A

6 Carbon
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose

5 Carbon
1. Ribose
2. Deoxyribose

39
Q

What’s the formula for disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

Different than monosaccharides d/t dehydration synthesis lose H2O

40
Q

What’re some examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

41
Q

What’re some examples of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

42
Q

What’s the monomer of lipids

A

hydrocarbon

43
Q

Saturated fats are … at room temperature

A

solid

44
Q

Unsaturated fats are … at rm temp

A

liquid

dt double bond

45
Q

Difference bw Cis and trans fatty acids

A

cis = z
all natural
“same side”

Trans
unnaturally made
stack easily
“opposide side”

46
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Terpenes
  4. Cholesterol and derivatives
47
Q

What makes up a triglyceride

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Form thru esterification (dehydration -3H2O)

48
Q

Triglyceride fn

A
  1. stored long term energy
  2. packing and insulation
  3. efficient dt hydrophobic
49
Q

Phospholipid fn

A

cell membrane dt amipathic

50
Q

Terpenes are built from multiple … units

A

isoprene

51
Q

Need at least … isoprenes to make a terpene

A
52
Q

What makes naming terpenes hard

A

count based on double isprenes

52
Q

What makes naming terpenes hard

A

count based on double isprenes

53
Q

Terpene function

A

waxes
oils
earwax

54
Q

Cholesterol function

A

cell membrane
precursor to steroids
bile salts

LO MCAT BIO (1 decks)

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