Bio - Ch. 1 Flashcards
[Heterotroph Hypothesis]
What did the first lifeforms lack?
ability to synthesize own nutrients
[Heterotroph Hypothesis]
What did the first life forms require
preformed molecules
[Heterotroph Hypothesis]
What were heterotrophs?
organisms that depend on outside sources for food
[Heterotroph Hypothesis]
The primitive seas contained two types of compounds
simple inorganic and organic compounds
[Heterotroph Hypothesis]
- what forms of energy were present?
- heat
- electricity
- solar radiation
- cosmic rays
- radioactivity
[Heterotroph Hypothesis]
simple organic molecules
- 2 examples
nucleotides
- examples
- sugars, amino acids
- purines, pyrimidines
[Heterotroph Hypothesis]
- what did the simple organic molecules and nucleotides dissolve in?
- What did this create a supply of?
- The primordial soup
- a supply of macromolecules
[Stanley Miller Experiment]
What did it demonstrate?
application of energy (ultraviolet radiation and heat)
to mixture of simple compounds (methane, hydrogen, ammonia, water)
to create complex organic compounds
[Stanley Miller Experiment]
His apparatus contained
- 4 gases circulate
- passed electrical discharges
[Stanley Miller Experiment]
- result of his experiment?
- examples?
a variety of organic compounds
- urea
- hydrogen
- cyanide
- acetic acid
- lactic acid
[1st primitive cells]
coacervate droplets
- how formed
- what they do
- colloidal protein molecules clump together
- absorb and incorporate substances from surrounding environment
[1st primitive cells]
stability of coacervate droplets
- what were most like?
- there were a few that were different,
- how so?
- What did they posess?
- What did they contain?
- unstable
- stable
- possessed favourable characteristics
- contained nucleic acid polymers
[Development of Autotrophs]
Primitive Heterotrophs
- how did they evolve into autotrophs?
- what did it allow?
- evolved anaerobic respiratory processes
- allowed them to convert nutrients into energy
[Development of Autotrophs]
Anaerobic respiratory processes
- why needed?
- what was extracted from it?
- how is it important to life?
- organisms required nutrients at a faster rate than were being synthesized.
- They used it to extract energy from the chemical bonds.
- life would have ceased to exist if it didn’t develop
[Development of Autotrophs]
photosynthesis
- what does it capture?
- what is synthesized?
- what products are used to synthesize it?
- solar energy
- carbohydrates
- carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy
[Development of Aerobic respiration]
Primitive autotrophs
- what did they fix?
- what did they release?
- what was produced?
- carbon dioxide
- oxygen
- carbohydrates
[Development of Aerobic respiration]
- What was the effect of the addition of molecular oxygen to atmosphere?
- converted atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing
[Development of Aerobic respiration]
ozone
- what was its function?
blocks high energy radiation
[The 4 basic categories of living organisms]
list all 4
- autotrophic anaerobes
- autotrophic aerobes
- heterotrophic anaerobes
- heterotrophic aerobes
[Common traits of all living things]
elements
- which primary
- which trace
- where are trace elements found?
- primary =
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen,
- nitrogen,
- sulphur,
- phosphorus
- trace =
- magnesium,
- iodine,
- iron,
- calcium
- found in protoplasm
[Common traits of all living things]
elements and compounds
- what are the units for each?
- how are compounds formed?
- elements = atoms
- compounds = molecules
- atoms join together by chemical bonds to form molecules
[Common traits of all living things]
- what is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
- organic contains carbon
- inorganic does not
[carbohydrates]
- what are they composed of?
- in what ratio?
- carbon hydrogen and oxygen
- 1:2:1
[carbohydrates]
- what are they used as?
- energy storage
- structural molecules
carbohydrates
- three types
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides
[carbohydrates]
monosaccharides
- what are they?
- single sugar subunits
[carbohydrates]
disaccharide
- what is it composed of?
- how do they join together?
- what does this involve?
- two monosaccharides
- a dehydration synthesis
- loss of a water molecule
[carbohydrates] polysaccharides - how formed? - how taken apart?
- removal of water (dehydration) - addition of water molecule (hydrolysis)
[Lipids]
- What elements are they composed of?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
[Lipids]
- What sort of structure does it have?
- three fatty acids bound to a single glycerol backbone
[Lipids]
- what is needed to form one fat molecule?
- 3 fatty acid molecules attach to a glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis
[Lipids]
- the two functions
- food storage
- insulation / protection
[Lipid Derivatives]
- There are 5
- Phospholipids
- Waxes
- Steroids
- Carotenoids
- Porphyrins
[Lipid Derivative Images]
1
- What is this?
- Why?
- its a phospholipid
- because it contains:
- glycerol
- two fatty acids
- a phosphate group
- a nitrogen
[Lipid Derivative Images]
2
- What is this?
- Why? (2 reasons, elaborate on both)
- its a Wax
- because it contains:
- esters of fatty acids
- refer to answer sheet for structure
- a monohydroxylic alcohol
- an alcohol containing only 1 -OH functional group
[Lipid Derivative Image]
3
- what is this?
- why?
- it’s a steroid
- because there are:
- 3 fused cyclohexane rings
- 1 cyclopentane ring
[Lipid Derivative Image]
4
- What is this?
- why?
- A carotenoid
- because it has
- a fatty acid-like carbon chain
- conjugated double bonds
- 6 membered carbon rings on either end
[Lipid Derivative Image]
5
- What is it?
- Why?
- a Porphyrin
- because it has
- 4 joined pyrrole rings
- it’s complexed with a metal
[Lipid Derivatives]
- What do carotenoids produce?
- pigments in plants and animals
- red
- yellow
- orange
- brown
[Lipid Derivative]
Waxes
- what do they do?
- they are protective coatings on:
- skin
- fur
- leaves
- exoskeleton of many insects
[Basic Protein Structure]
- primary elements proteins are composed of
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Sulphur
- Phosphorus
[Basic Protein Structure]
Proteins are polymersof amino acids
- how do they connect together?
- what is created once the amino acids are connected together?
- by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis reactions
- creates polypeptides
[Basic Protein Structure]
- in the yellow area, show how a peptide bond forms
- show the two groups it’s formed from
- show where the peptide bond is
- show the by-product created from the bonding process
refer to booklet
[Basic Protein Structure]
The two structures
- what is the primary structure
- what is the secondary structure
- two forms
primary = the sequence (order) of amino acids in the polypeptide
secondary = how the protein folds
- α-helices (coil)
- β-pleated sheets (fold)
[Protein Classification]
- how are they classified?
- on the basis of their structure
[Protein Classification]
Simple proteins
- what are they composed of?
- entirely of amino acids
[Protein Classification]
Albmins and Globulins
- function?
- location?
- act as enzymes / carriers
- found in serum
[Protein Classification]
Scleroproteins
- physical characteristic
- function
- give and example of one
- fibrous
- a structural protein
- collagen
[Protein Classification]
Conjugated Proteins
- what do they contain? (2 things)
- a protein portion + at least one non-protein fraction
[Protein Classification]
Lipoproteins
- what are they bound to?
- a lipid
[Protein Classification]
Mucoproteins
- What are they bound to?
- a carbohydrate
[Protein Classification]
Chromoproteins
- what bound to?
- pigmented molecules
[Protein Classification]
Metalloproteins
- how can we identify it?
- it’s complexed around a metal ion
[Protein Classification]
Nucleoprotiens
- what is it bound to?
- there are two types
- a nuceic acid
- DNA or RNA
[Protein Functions]
Hormones
- function
- they are chemical messengers secreted into the blood stream
[Protein Functions]
Enzymes
- what are they?
- what do they do?
- biological catalysts
- increase rate of chemical reactions important for biological functions
[Protein Functions]
Structural Proteins
- What do they contribute to in tissues and cells?
- physical support
[Protein Functions]
Transport Proteins
- what do they do?
- give an example using hemoglobin and cytocrhomes
- carry important materials
- hemoglobin carries oxygen
- cytochromes carry electrons
[Protein Functions]
Antibodies
- why do they bind to foreign particles?
- to protect body against potential pathogens
[Enzyme Basics & Why they are Crucial]
- What is a catlyst?
- any substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed
[Enzyme Basics & Why they are Crucial]
- Why are they important?
- all living things must have a continuous controlled activity
[Enzyme Basics & Why they are Crucial]
- what makes some enzymes conjugated proteins?
- how do these proteins function?
- they have a non-protein co-enzyme
- they need both the protein and non-protein to be present to function
[Enzyme Binding & Two Theories of Binding]
- how selective are enzymes?
- elaborate
- very selective
- may catalyze only one reaction or specific class of reations
[Enzyme Binding & Two Theories of Binding]
- What is the substrate?
- The molecule upon which an enzyme acts
[Enzyme Binding & Two Theories of Binding]
- What is the active site?
- area on the enzyme that the substrate binds to
[Enzyme Binding & Two Theories of Binding]
- Discuss the two theories
- name
- how it’s thought to work
- how credible it is
- The Lock and Key Theory
- the substrate and active site fit together perfectly
- theory = largely discounted
- Induced Fit Theory
- active site = flexible
- molds itself to the shape of the substrate
- largely accepted
[Enzyme Reversability]
- How reversable is it?
- how does it happen?
- reaction = reversible
- the product synthesized can be decomposed by the same enzyme
- What are the three environmental factors that affect enzyme action and reaction rate?
- Temperature
- pH
- Concentration of Substrate to Active Site
[The 3 Environmental Factors that affect Enzyme Action & Reaction Rate]
Temperature
- What happens as temperature Increases?
- What is the optimal temperature?
- What happens when you move past the optimal temperature?
- increase in rate of enzyme action
- around 40 C
- beyond optimal temp heat will:
- alter shape of active site
- deactivate enzyme
- cause a rapid drop in reaction rate
[The 3 Environmental Factors that affect Enzyme Action & Reaction Rate]
pH
- what is optimal in humans for maximum rate of enzyme activity?
- there are two exceptions
- name the two enzymes
- what pH does each work best at?
- Where is each found?
- optimal = 7.2
Exceptions
- Pepsin
- pH 2 = acidic
- Stomach
- Pancreatic Enzyme
- pH 8.5 = alkaline
- Small Intestines
[The 3 Environmental Factors that affect Enzyme Action & Reaction Rate]
Concentration of Substrate & Enzyme
- Enzyme activity in low concentration
- Enzyme activity in high concentration
- what happens when concentration of substrate saturates all active sites?
- active site = unoccupied
- reaction rate = low
- increase in active site occupancy = higher reaction rate
- once active sites = saturated
- increase in substrate has no effect
- rate of reaction plateaus
What are the two basic types of reactions that occur in Enzyme Activity?
- Hydrolysis
- Synthesis
[The Two Basic Reaction Types in Enzyme Activity]
Hydrolysis
- What is its function?
- What does each example do?
- Lipase
- Protease
- Lactose
- digests large molecules into smaller components
Lipase
- breaks down lipids into:
- fatty acids
- glycerol
Protease
- degrades proteins into amino acids
Lactose
- hydrolyzes lactose into two monosaccharides
- glucose
- galactose
[The Two Basic Reaction Types in Enzyme Activity]
Synthesis
- Why is it required?
- How is it important to survival?
- What enzymes catalyze it?
- required for:
- growth
- repair
- regulation
- protection
- production of food reserves
- importance to survival
- allows body to build substances it cannot synthesize on its own
- does this from materials ingested
- Synthesis = catalyzed by same enzymes responsible for hydolysis
- the direction of reaction = reversed
[Cofactors]
- What are they?
- non-protein molecules required by some enzymes to become active
[Cofactors]
- 2 Types
- Metal cations
Like:
- Zn2+
- Fe2+
- Small Organic groups
* Like Coenzymes
[Cofactors]
- How are they obtained?
- from a diet of vitamins
[Cofactors]
Prosthetic groups
- what are they?
- Example found in blood
- cofactors that bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds
- example = heme group in hemoglobin
[Nucleic Acids]
- What elements are contained within?
- Elements
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
[Nucleic Acids]
- What are they made up of?
- polymers of subunits called nucleotides
[Nucleic Acids]
- Why do the nucelic acids (DNA and RNA) code info? (2 reasons)
- produce proteins
- replicate
[Cell Theory & Importance of Cell to Biology]
- how is cell important to life and biology?
- fundamental unit of life
- all biological functions occur within or between cells
[Cell Theory & Importance of Cell to Biology]
- Cell Discovery
- when
- how
- 17th century
- using a microscope
[Cell Theory & Importance of Cell to Biology]
- The 5 rules of cell theory
Cell Theory
- All living things = composed of cells
- cells = basic unit of life
- cells only arise from pre-existing cells
- cells carry genetic info
- in from of DNA
- passed from parent cell to daughter cell
- during cell division
- Energy flow (metabolism & biochem) occurs within cells
