bio ch 1 Flashcards
Theme 1 | The hierarchy of life (pg 1)
Theme 1: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization
The hierarchy of life on earth is unfolded as follows: biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule and atom. With each set up, new properties emerge (emergent properties) because of interactions among components at the lower levels.
Theme 4 | Organisms interact (pg 3)
Theme 4: Molecules to Ecosystems, Interactions in Biological Systems
Organisms interact continuously with physical factors. Plants take up nutrients from the soil and chemicals from the air and use energy from the sun. Interactions among plants, animals, and other organisms affect the participants in varying ways.
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In feedback regulation, a process is regulated by its output or product. …
Biologists classify species (pg 3)
Biologists classify species according to a system of broader and broader groups. Domain Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotes. Domain Eukarya includes various groups of protists as well as fungi, plants, and animals.
Darwin (1809-1882) (pg 5)
Darwin (1809-1882) proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments. Natural selection is thus defined as the evolutionary process that occurs when a population is exposed to environmental factors that consistently cause individuals with certain heritable traits to have greater reproductive success than do individuals with other heritable traits.
The food that we consume is (pg 5)
The food that we consume is the results of agriculture. Humans and animals depend on the agricultural products for sustaining themselves. Fruits, vegetables, grains, pulses, oils, sugar, tea, coffee, and other foods are obtained from the plants.
Agriculture is defined (pg 5)
Agriculture is defined to produce commodities which maintain life, including foods, fibers, forest products, agricultural crops, horticultural crops, and their related services. Agricultural crops mean food or fiber commodities grown for resale or commercial or economic purposes that provide foods, clothing, or animal feeds, and include nursery products and florist items while in the hands of a nursery grower. The global major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials (such as rubber). Myanmar’s agricultural exports include rice, maize, blackgram, greengram, pigeonpea, chickpea, sesame, onion, tamarind, raw rubber, vegetables, and fruits. Commercially cultivating agricultural crops in Myanmar are mainly cereals, pulses and oilseed crops. Myanmar’s farms are well diversified, with most farms producing rice paddy during the monsoon season and other crops such as beans, pulses, oilseeds and maize, during the cool and dry seasons.
Rice (Oryza sativa) (pg 5)
Rice (Oryza sativa) production is based on its environment, resulting in rain fed lowland rice, winter rice, deep-water rice, upland rice and irrigated rice. Out of the three distinct seasons, the monsoon season is the main rice production season as rice paddies rely on copious amounts of water. There are two dominant rice production systems: rain fed lowland and irrigated lowland. The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound irrigation planning but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state and deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.
The economic value of livestock (pg 11)
The economic value of livestock
Meat: Livestock can be raised for the production of a useful form of dietary protein and energy.
Dairy products: Livestock can be used as a source of milk, other dairy products, such as yogurt, cheese, butter.
Fibre: Livestock produce a range of fibre or textiles. For example, sheep and goats produce wool and mohair.
Fertilizer: Manure can be spread on fields to increase crop yields. Manure is also used to make plaster for walls and floors and can be used as a fuel for fires. The blood and bone of animals are also used as fertilizer.
Labour: Animals such as horses, donkey, and yaks can be used for mechanical energy. They are non-human labor and still using in plowing fields, transporting goods, and military functions.
Land management: The grazing of livestock is sometimes used as a way to control weeds and undergrowth.
Breeding: Livestock may be kept for the commercial value of breeding the animals, such as in horse breeding.
Sports: Livestock may be raised for sports purposes, such as raising horses for horse racing or polo.
Pets industry: Livestock may be raised to be sold commercially as pets.
Horticulture is a branch of (pg 6)
Horticulture is a branch of agriculture. It is defined as the applied science of cultivating and growing plants used for both consumption and aesthetic or ornamental purposes. Horticulture involves plant propagation and cultivation to improve the plant growths, yields, quality, nutritional values, and resistance to insects, diseases, and environmental stresses. It also includes plant conservations, landscape restoration, soil management, landscape and garden designs, construction and maintenance, and arboriculture. The word “horticulture” is derived from the Latin words ‘hortus’ and ‘cultura’, which mean ‘garden’ and ‘cultivation’.
In contrast to agriculture (pg 7)
In contrast to agriculture, horticulture does not include the intensive crop farming and large-scale crop production or animal husbandry. Additionally, horticulture focuses on the use of small plots with a wide variety of mixed crops while agriculture focuses on one large primary crop at a time. The major types of horticulture include olericulture, pomology, viticulture, floriculture, turf management, arboriculture, landscape horticulture, and postharvest physiology. Olericulture is the vegetable growing, dealing with the culture of non-woody (herbaceous) plants for foods. Pomology or Fruticulture is the production of fruits and nuts. Viticulture is the production of grapes (largely intended for winemaking). Floriculture is the growing and marketing of flowers and ornamental plants for floristry. Turf Management is the production and upkeep of turf, artificial and live, for use in recreation. Sports stadiums, civilian landscaping, and leisure are among the largest users of turf management services. Arboriculture is the cultivation and care of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants, primarily to maintain individual woody plants and trees for long-term landscape and amenity purposes. Landscape Horticulture is the selection, production and care of plants used in landscape architecture. Postharvest Physiology is the management of harvested horticultural crops to determine the best storage and transportation conditions to optimize shelf life after harvest.
Hydroponics is a method (pg 8)
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil. Hydroponics uses less water than traditional soil-based systems. Hydroponic growing allows for faster growth and higher yields than traditional soil-based growing systems. Hydroponics is a type of horticulture and a subset of hydroculture which involves growing plants, usually crops, without soil, by using water-based mineral nutrient solutions in aqueous solvents. Terrestrial or aquatic plants may grow with their roots exposed to the nutritious liquid. In addition, the roots may be physically supported by an inert medium such as perlite, gravel, or other substrates. Despite inert media, roots can cause changes of the rhizosphere pH and root exudates can affect rhizosphere biology and physiological balance of the nutrient solution by secondary metabolites.
The nutrients used in hydroponic systems (pg 9)
The nutrients used in hydroponic systems can come from many different sources, including fish excrement, duck manure, purchased chemical fertilizers, or artificial nutrient solutions. Plants are commonly grown hydroponically in a greenhouse, on inert media, include tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, strawberries, lettuces, and cannabis, usually for commercial use, and Arabidopsis, which serves as a model organism in plant science and genetics. Hydroponics offers many advantages, notably a decrease in water usage in agriculture. Since hydroponics takes much less water to grow and produce, it could be possible in the future for people in harsh environments with little accessible water to grow their own food.
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming (pg 9)
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs, algae and other aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Farming implies some sort of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.
Fish farming or pisciculture (pg 9)
Fish farming or pisciculture involves commercial breeding of fish, usually for food, in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds. It is a particular type of aquaculture, which is the controlled cultivation and harvesting of aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and so on. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are, in order, carp, salmon, tilapia and catfish.
Mariculture or marine farming is a (pg 10)
Mariculture or marine farming is a specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other animal products in enclosed sections of the open ocean (offshore mariculture), or in fish farms built on littoral waters (inshore mariculture), or in artificial tanks, ponds, raceways which are filled with seawater (onshore mariculture).
Shrimp farming is an aquaculture business| Oyster farming | Algaculture (pg 10)
Shrimp farming is an aquaculture business that exists in either a marine or freshwater environment, producing shrimp or prawns for human consumption.
Oyster farming is an aquaculture (or mariculture) practice in which oysters are bred and raised mainly for their pearls, shells and inner organ tissue, which is eaten.
Algaculture is the farming of algae species including microalgae and macroalgae. The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae. Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, also have many commercial and industrial uses.
Integrated fish farming (pg 10)
Integrated fish farming is a system of producing fish in combination with other agricultural or livestock farming operations centered on the fish pond. The farming sub-systems eg., fish, crop and livestock are linked to each other in such a way that the byproducts or wastes from one sub-system become the valuable inputs to another sub-system.
Uses of aquaculture
Aquaculture serves different purposes (pg 10)
Uses of aquaculture
Aquaculture serves different purposes such as food production, restoration of threatened and endangered species populations, wild stock population enhancement, the building of aquariums, and fish cultures, and habitat restoration.
The term “Livestock” refers to (pg 10)
The term “Livestock” refers to any domesticated, land-living animal that is raised to provide resources like meat, milk, eggs, and feathers, or to provide services like transportation or cultivation assistance. The most common livestock animals are cattle, sheep, goat, pig, horse, chicken, and duck.
Importance of livestock (pg 12)
Importance of livestock
The global demand and production of livestock products are increasing rapidly, due to the population growth, rising income, and changes in lifestyle and diets. Livestock are key drivers for sustainable development in agriculture. They contribute to food security, nutrition, poverty alleviation, and economic growth.
Livestock contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources for food and agriculture. If managed sustainably, livestock can contribute to important ecosystem functions, nutrient cycling, soil organic carbon sequestration and maintaining agricultural landscapes.
Food is one of the major requirements| Food maybe classified| It is evident that (pg 12)
Food is one of the major requirements of life. All forms of living matter required food in one form or the other as the source of life-sustaining energy. However, plant only is able to manufacture food through the process of photosynthesis.
Food may be classified into the following groups:
- heat or energy producing food such as carbohydrates and fats;
- body-building food such as protein;
- protective food such as vitamins and some minerals; and
- luxury food such as confectioneries, etc.
It is evident that food must contain sufficiently carbohydrate, protein and fats or oil together with vitamins and essential minerals.
Without food, the viability of life is not (pg 12)
Without food, the viability of life is not feasible. Our food items come from plants and animals. Microbes aid in the formation of dairy products like curd, cheese, and yoghurt. The bacterium Lactobacillus helps in the formation of curd from milk. Similarly, yeast, one of the simplest eukaryotes, is used in the process of fermentation. Wine is obtained from grapes through a similar process. Furthermore, there are certain microbes and other biological processes that indirectly help in the production of food. The microorganisms present in the soil act as a decomposing agent, which assist in the production of the compost from dead and decaying organic matter. This compost acts as an effective fertilizer for the growing plants.
Pharmacognosy is a name (pg 13)
Pharmacognosy is a name derived from Greek words, which mean drug and knowledge. In this field of science, researcher deals with the secondary metabolites found in many plants, animals, and microbial natural sources. The American Society of Pharmacognosy (ASP) defines it as “the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from different natural sources”. Most of the countries in South-East Asia Region have a heritage of traditional medicine system. According to the recent WHO report, about 80% of world population is still using natural product for their primary healthcare needs. Pharmacognosy can provide safe and effective drugs in combination with modern medical system.
Like the first medicines (pg 13)
Like the first medicines, many of today’s medicines are made from plants. The chief ingredient of aspirin, salicylic acid, was originally obtained from the bark of willow tree. The willow is in the genus Salix, hence the same name salicylic acid. The bark of cinchona tree, Cinchona sp., contains quinine a drug used to treat malaria. Digitalis, which is used in treatment of heart disease, is obtained from the leaves of foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. Periwinkle, Catharanthus sp. is the source of two drugs that are effective against Hodgkin disease and some leukemia. Two powerful pain relieved compounds, morphine and codeine are extracted from opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.
