Bio/Biochem Flashcards
What is the main difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?
Nucleosides lack the phospahte group, nucleotides do not
What causes nitrogen to act as a nucleophile?
Nucleophilic behavior of a nitrogen is caused by its lone pair.
When is the protonated form more prevelant? The deprotonated?
If the pH is below the pKa the protonated form will be more prevelant, if the pH is above the pKa the deprotonated form will be more prevelant.
RNA replicas is only needed by what type of RNA virus?
RNA replicase is only needed by negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses
Where is the only place a virus can replicate?
Viruses can only replicate inside the cell
What do Viral proteins use to synthesize and where is this located?
Viral proteins are synthesized using host ribosomes contained within the rough ER
What are viral envelopes primarily made of?
Viral envelopes are primarily made of phospholipids
Interference with microfilament polymerization is likely to compromise what functions?
Interference with microfilament polymerization is likely to compromise contractile ring function and disrupt cytokinesis
What are two ways to increase membrane fluidity?
Decreasing percent composition of cholesterol and/or increasing the temperature will increase membrane fluidity.
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Seperation of sister chormatids is not a difference between mitosis and meiosis
What stage is least like to target aggressive and fast-growing cancer cells?
G0 is the least likely stage to target cancer cells that are aggressive and fast-growing
What are structures in bacteria cells that antibiotics would target that eukaryotes would not?
Bacteria contain a 30S small ribosomal subunit and a 50S large ribosomal subunit and peptidoglycan, which is an important component of many cell walls
What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain and why?
Gram-positive bacteria stained purple due to adhesion of crystal-violet to their peptidoglycan layer
A lipoprotein capture technique is most similar to which ELISA technique?
lipoprotein capture techinique is most like a capture assay
A ____ in NADH/NAD+ ratio will drive fatty acid oxidation?
A decreased NADH/NAD+ ratio will drive fatty acid oxidation
Which takes priority in terms of absolute configuration: multiple oxygens or a metal ion?
A metal takes priority over multiple oxygens in terms of absolute configurations
What 3 things would all directly increase the rate of aerobic respiration?
Short chain fatty acids, pyruvate, and glycogen would all directly increase the rate of aerobic respiration
What type of hormone is insulin, and what effect does it have on blood sugar levels?
Insulin is a peptide hormone that promotes an decrease in blood glucose levels
A mutation introducing a stop codon into the middle of a repetitive sequence of coding DNA would have what kind of effect?
A mutation that would introduce a stop codon into the middle of a repetitive sequence of coding DNA would increase the complexity and have a major effect on its protein product
What begins synthesis during replication?
DNA polymerase begins synthesis during replication
Is there a difference between the Sense DNA strand and mRNA coding strand?
Sense DNA is the same as the mRNA
What does the addition of a 3’ poly-A tail do to a yarn scripted strand of DNA and what type of modification is the addition considered to be in eukaryotes?
Addition of a 3’ poly-A tail that permanently protects the transcript from degradation is a post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes
What type of structure is an alpha helix?
Alpha helixes are secondary structures
Alpha helixes require what two types of amino acids?
Alpha helixes require charged amino acids AND nonpolar amino acids
Why can’t a ring of prolong be bent into a helix?
A ring of proline would cause too much stress to be bent into a helix
Where are charged amino acids located on an alpha helix?
Charged amino acids on an alpha helix, would be in the extracellular space attached to the plasma membrane
If an alpha helix has a total of 8 residues, how many complete turns can it make?
If an alpha helix has 4.1 residues per turn and has a total of 8 residues it will only complete 1 turn
Do disulfide bonds form between all amino acids containing sulfur molecules?
Disulfide bonds do not form between any two amino acids with sulfur in them. They form between two cysteines
What acts as a nucleophile when two amino acids bind together?
When two amino acids connect using a peptide bond the nucleophile in that reaction is the terminal nitrogen on one of the amino acids
What happens when the pH is greater than the pKa of a part of an amino acid?
When pH > pKa for the side chain, the carboxylic acid, or the amino terminal then that section will be deprotonated
What are the average pKas of the amino terminal and carboxylic acid part of amino acids?
The average pKa for the carboxyilic acid part of an amino acid is 2 and the average for the amino terminal is 9
What are the steps in a Gabriel synthesis of an amino acid?
During a Gabriel synthesis of an amino acid the last step is using heat to remove the -COOH group
What enzyme reduces O2 to H2O?
Oxidoreductase enzymes reduces O2 to H2O
What is a zymogen? What is an apoenzyme
Zymogens are inactive precursors of enzymes that require proteolytic cleavage prior to becoming active.
What is a kinase? What is a transferase? What is a phosphatase? What is a ligase?
A kinase is classified as a biological molecule that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto its substrate
Where are Allosteric enzymes prevalent?
Allosteric enzymes are prevalent in metabolic regulatory pathways, feedback loops, cell growth, and division pathways
What do Kinases do to their substrates and which amino acids are most likely affected by it?
Kinases phosphorolate their substrates and the amino acids most likely to be phosphorolated are S,T,Y
If all the answers to a question seem wrong, what should you do?
If all of the answers seem wrong, look for the one that is least wrong
What does insulin do?
Insulin decreases fatty acid oxidation, reduces blood glucose levels, and increases triglyceride syntheiss
What does LH do?
LH triggers ovulation
What does insulin resistance cause?
Insulin resistance inhibits uptake of glucose from the bloodstream
What metabolic function would decrease if the anterior pituitary was removed?
If the anterior pituitary was removed, one result would be a reduction in the basal metabolic rate
What is the process for an octyocyte?
The process for an octyocyte is Meiosis I initiation → puberty → meiosis I completion → meiosis II initiation → fertilization → meiosis II completion
What are the important roles played by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in ovarian function?
The important role played by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in ovarian function include: Secretion of estrogen, Secretion of progesterone, and Stimulation of folliculogenesis
Is there variability in the follicular phase?
There is variability in the follicular phase.
What are the stages of embryotic development
Morula happens before blastula
Would A woman who suffered cardiac arrest as a result of submersion into cold (<10°C) water suffer from piloerection or shivering?
A woman who suffered cardiac arrest as a result of submersion into cold (<10°C) water would experience both piloerection and shivering
When the human body is at rest, do the pulmonary arteries carry blood of the lowest or highest pH?
When the human body is at rest, pulmonary arteries carries blood with the lowest pH
What is the primary stimulus of respiratory drive?
Increased arterial carbon dioxide is a primary stimulus of respiratory drive.
Is heart rate affected by the parasympathetic nervous system? The immune system?
Heart rate is affected by the parasympathetic nervous system and NOT by the immune system (its affected by other thing too, these are just the ones I got wrong in this question)
What is the range of stomach acid pH?
If the pH is below the pKa the protonated form will be more prevelant, if the pH is above the pKa the deprotonated form will be more prevelant. Note stomach acid pH ranges from 1.5-3.5
How much does an average amino acid weigh
The average amino acid is 110Da and a Da is =1amu
What makes up a nucleotide?
A nucleotide consists of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and exactly one phosphate group
How is DNA stabilized?
The helical structure of DNA is stabilized by multiple factors, including both hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases (base pairing) and base-stacking, which refers to hydrophobic interactions among nitrogenous bases.
What is the easiest way to confirm a silent mutation?
The easiest way to confirm the precence of a silent mutation is DNA sequencing
What form of RNA is the most active during post-transcriptional processing?
tRNA is the most acitve form of RNA during post-transcriptional processing
Of DNA and RNA, which contains a more stable sugar and which can catalyze biochemical reactions?
DNA has a more stable sugar than RNA, while RNA can catalyze biochemical reactions and DNA can’t
Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes require multiple release factors?
In prokayrotes translation requires multiple release factors (RFs)
Between euchromatin and heterochromatin which is related to the downregulation of transcription and which is associated with increased levels of transcription?
Euchromatin is associated with increased levels of transcription, while heterochromatin is related to the downregulation of transcription
What would a deficiency in the proper production of centromeres do?
A deficiency in the proper production of centromeres would inhibit the presence of attachment points on the chromosomes for microtubules during mitosis
What can you say about two genes with a low recombination frequency?
If two genes have a low recombination frequency they are physically close together
When do homologous chromosomes seperate?
Homologous chromosomes seperate in anaphase 1 of meosis ONLY
What is an issue with taking genes directly from the human genomic library and putting it directly into a bacterial cell?
The genes in the human genomic library contain introns, which cannot be excised by the bacterial cell
Why does making cDNA or ssDNA into dsDNA with DNA polymerase 1 require no primer?
the 3’ end of the DNA strand often loops back onto itself, thereby providing a primer for the enzyme.
Would Mg2+ strengthen or weaken the structure of DNA
Mg2+ strengthens the structure of DNA
N/A
Read the question and answers carefully
N/A
If a question seems like arbitrary knowlege, there may be something in the passage to help.
N/A
We went over this format during our last session.
N/A
Answer is always there
N/A
Answer is always there
Would a higher propeller angle between two nucleotides reduce or raise the melting point of DNA? Why?
A higher propeller angle between two nucleotides would reduce the melting point because of reduced hydrophobic contact
What is immunohistochemistry used for?
Immunohistochemistry is used for providing a detailed and visual report on the protein expression within a tissue.
What type of receptor would most likely respond to glutamate?
Excitatory receptors would most likely respond to glutamate
Would the coding or noncoding strand be used for a primer when reverse transcriptase is being used?
The coding strand would be used as the primer
