Bio/Biochem Flashcards
lytic stage invovles
infection and degrading
Kcat=
Vmax/E
high hydrostatic pressure causes
fluid to flow out bc goes low to high osmality
CAC occurs where
mitochondria
if trying to see importance of something what can be done
inhibit and see effect
first step of glycogen breakdown is
phosphorolysis
glycogen is converted to ____ and then ___
glucose 1 P then glucose 6 P
how does liver effect osmotic pressure
plasma proteins which do are produced in liver
what do desmosomes do
attach cells with intermediate filaments usually in high stress tissue
Hybridization is
annealing 2 comp nucleotides
Synapsis is
crossing over
Ubiquitination causes
enter proteasome
an antigen binds ____ with a ____ interaction
epitope, non covalent
each aa weighs
110 daltons
cathode is
positive (electrolytic neg)
endothelium
lines cardiac system
prymidines are ____ and have
U T C, 1 ring and TU has 2 carbonyls
beta ox occurs in ___ so need ___ to
mitochondria, carnitine transport in
how is power stroke innitiated and ended
P dissociates, cross bridge disassembles
cardiac and skeletal are similar bc ____ and one dif is
striated and multinuclear, different cardiac has intercalated discs
activation F26BP does what
inc glycolysis
deox blood flow
in vena cava to right atria, right ventricle
FADH2 is synthesized by
complex 2
alpha ketogluterate to
succinylcholine coa
lower MP means
less IMF
purines have ___ rings and are
2, A G
type 1 muscle fibers
slow contracting, myoglobin, capillaries
ox blood order
left atria, left ventricle out aorta
western blots use antibodies specific to _____ and bigger band means
protein of interest, higher affinity
In vivo is ___ and in vitro is ___
in cell/biological condition, isolated
in michalis menton the substrate conc should be
smaller than enzyme
Steroids dont need
secondary messangers
nucleotides have
phosphate
More Enzyme inc Vmax -__
proportionally
oxidative phase of PPP generates___ using __
NADPH, G6P dehydrogenase, phosphoglucanete dehydrogenase
somatic for _____ and autonomic for ____
voluntary motor, involuntary motor
Dec Ach degredation does what
more contraction
Proline for ___
rigid turns
Telomers are
double stranded, repetitive
prostaglandins for
inflammatory autocrine and paracrine
never found in alpha helix
glycine and proline
Blood Cellular components are ____ and plasma is ___
WBC + RBC, everything else including proteins
if energy is needed process is
thermodynamic unstable
purines are
2 rings A G
who is most susceptible to genetic drift
smaller populations
what varies in different cells in terms of how things get expressed
nuclear factors
signal sequence domains are for
secretory paths
nuclear proteins need what domains
DNA binding, nuclear localization, protein
_____ for high blood Ca and ____ for low blood Ca
calcitonin, parathyroid
Transcription factors need
nuclear localization signals to enter nucleus
Eukaryotes always have
double stranded genomes
If close together on chromosome what is less likely to occur
recombination
microtubules extend from _____ where ____ are
nucleus, centrioles
perioxosomes for
oxidation
connective tissue is
blood bone adipose
Michaelis menton equation has S or E
S
Prions are
misfolded proteins
Vasopressin regulates what are where
inc BP, aquaporins in collecting duct
Post translational modification is analyzed with
Western Blot
Phagosomes fuse
lysosomes
Proteases do what
break smaller particles
Internalization of particles by endocytosis is mediated by
endosomes
Blood flows from small intestine to
liver
Motor proteins move
along microtubules with interactions with actin
Cytotoxic T cells bind
antigens
ATP role in muscle contraction
separate myosin head and actin filament
protein folding based on
primary structure
fatty acid synthesis produces
NADP+
Uncompetitive changes
dec Km and Vmax proportionally
Genes duplicated are
highly similar
order of apoptosis by oxidative stress
cyto C activates capsases that degrade things
all lipids are
emulsified
what are hydrolyzed
things with esters (triglycerides, phospholipids)
precision is
how reliable (btwn tests)
Cis or Trans makes membrane less fluid
trans, saturated
if equal affinity for E and ES then _____
noncompetitive no effect on Km
Pre incubation with inhibitor causes
covalent linkages (irreversible)
Heaviest to lightest order of bases
GATC
mutations
accumulate linearly over time
ribose is
pentofuranose
mannose difference from glucose
C2 is up
morphogen is
signaling molecule in embryonic, diffuse across conc gradient
62 stage morula is equal in chromosomes to
2 cell stage
Shielded on NMR is
upfield right
_____-> glucose 6 phos (gluconeo)
F6P
if energy leaves G is
negative
to go past meiosis 2 in oocyte need
fertilization
spermatogenesis order
spermatagoniun, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatazoon
what event in muscle contraction involves ligand binding
Na influx from motor plate in muscle fiber needs acetylcholine bind
what is difference between RT PCR and PCR
different templates
analogous vs homologous
analogous same function homologous evolutionary history could be dif function
Funghi are
Euk
at moderate temps cholesteral____
makes rigid
In gel the anode is
positive
dif btwn single and double crossover
single end of one, double middle
Euk is monocistronic because
each gene own start site
aldosterone does what
Na reabsorbtion in distal tubules water retention to raise BP
Esterification of fatty acids occurs when
high glucose
acid peroxisomes found where
lysosomes
RNA replicase needed for
negative sense rna
anterograde order
organelles outwards ER to golgi
gram positive stains ____ why
purple, thick cell wall
miRNA for
RNA interference, gene silencing
siRNA for
RNA interference, bind comp and degrade
cytoskeletal filaments are found where
cytoplasm
conjugation
transfer genetic info bacteria next to each other
transduction uses ____ and transfection uses ___
bacteriophage, plasmid
Bilayer is
euk cell membrane
can grow virons in
cell culture
microtubules needed for
phagocytosis
autonomic nervous system is ___ and divides to
involuntary, sympathetic and parasympathetic
reflexes need
sensory neuron part of CNS
parathyroid hormone _____ calcitriol synthesis promoting _____ absorption and serum Ca ____
promotes, Ca and P, increase
Right Ventricle pumps blood to ____ and it is ___and Left to ____ and is ___
lungs, thin. body, thick
DNA rep in what phase of cell cycle
S
Pulmonary artery ___ CO2
high
When diaphragm contracts what happens
air in
most mutagens are
carcinogens
bacteria and virus are similar in that____ and different bc____
both no nuclear membrane, bacteria reproduce with fission and virus need host
leptin is released from ____ to ____ and ghrelin from ____ to
adipocytes, suppress hunger, gastric cells to trigger hunger
bottleneck
environmental catastrophe reduction gene pool
lactate synthesis produces what cofactor
NAD+
oxaloacetate converted to ____ then to ____
phosphoenolpyruvate, glucose
G protein path
ligand binds
replace GDP-> GTP
adenylyl cyclase active
ATP-> cAMP
activates PKA
how does PKA effect glycolysis
phosphorylates PFK2 which disphosphorylates F26BP and dec
is there tRNA for stop codon and what are the stop codons
No, UAA, UGA, UAG
retrotransposons are
enveloped virus with RNA
ligase is
put molecules together with high energy molecule
ribosomes attach to what
rough ER
ribosomes contain
RNA
nucleotides have
phosphate
meosis 1 results in
23 chromosomes with sister chromatids
hyperglycemia results in what in urine
ketone bodies and glucose
what is also increased when insulin
PPP (parallel path)
glycoproteins are for what
part fo cell membrane help with trafficking
what gel are proteins run on? and dna?
polyacrylamide, agrose
telomeres and centromeres are
both heterochromtin
in growing nucleotide strand what attacks what
3’ oh attacks incoming 5’ po4
how do u get cDNA single strand in cloning
reverse transcriptase
interferons are
proteins part of innate and adaptive
ADH does what
inc aquaporins and causes water reabsorption and inc bP
microglia are
macrophages in CNS
neuron order
axon synapse dendrite soma
B lymphocytes do what
antibodies, helper, memory
hayline cartilage role
lines ends of articulating bones helps bone formation
long bone composed of
epiphysis ends
diaphysis shaft with yellow bone marrow
metaphysis where epiphysis and diaphysis meet
tendons connect
muscle to bone
positive values on hydrophobicity index mean
transmembrane
necrosis causes
damage nearby cells by lysis
specific activity is
amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein
how can cytosine become uracil
deamination amine to carbonyl
guanine has
2 HB donor
burns cause
loss feeling
dermis and epidermis for
UV protection, sweating, hair
hypodermis for
insulation and shock protection
what inc Blood pressure
renin-angeotensin, aldosterone, ADH
how is urine pushed out
contraction bladder
oogenesis and spermatogenesis similar in that they
multipel divisions
what prevents autoimmune disease
self recognizing B and T cells destroyed
how does lipid drain through lympathic to circulatory
fluid, lymph capillaries, vessel, duct, vein
ADH does what ? where?
inc water permeability in distal tubule and collection duct
adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepi
endocytosis is
engulfing
proteases cant act on
D aa
what does lowering P co2 do to hemoglobin curve
more H shifts left
stomach secretes
intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, mucus, bicarbonate
lymph is filtered in ___ and blood in ___
lymph nodes, spleen
role of colon
absorb electrolytes and water
sebaceous glands
secrete oil
blood loss causes
vasoconstriction
whats in smooth and cardiac muscle
gap junctions
villi atrophy means
decrease SA of intestine
SSRI cause
serotonin more time in synaptic cleft
virus need
reverse transcriptase
gene inherited parent specific manner is
imprinted gene
what makes succinate
succinyl coa synthase
helicase role is to
unwind and seperate
operons are transcribed from
1 promotor upstream
epinephrine and norepi for
sympathetic nervous
hypoxia causes
lactic acid to make NAD+ which is used in glycolysis
bulbourethral glands
secrete thick akaline mucus
DNA pol alpha in prok for ___ and delta
for initiation, synthesis
5-> 3 mRNA is complement of strand going
3’->5’
the half way point of CAC is ____ before this ___ is produced and after ___
succinyl coA, 2 NADH and after FADH2 and NADH
waxes have
esters
positive control means
specific result is expected
in gel electrophoresis the cathode is
negative
restriction enzymes are
endonuclease
when lactose is present allolactose binds
repressor
dna methylation
inc gene expression
when does our body do anaerobic respiration
when need more ATP than aerobic can produce
oocytes stop in ___ until ___
prophase 1 until puberty
neuralation order
morula blastula gastrula
what triggers ovulation
spike in LH
there can be variability in length of what phase in reproduction
follicle
rate limiting step of CAC
isocitrate to alpha ketogluterate
adaptive radiation
one species into multiple
ox phos in prokaryotes occurs in
inner membrane
Golgi looks similar to __ bc
smooth ER, both folded
transcription factors have
DNA binding
hyperphagia
state of hunger
conserving water means urine is
high osmality
amber codon is
stop
blood brain is
tight junction
microglia are for
immune in brain
In a hypotonic environment water will flow
water flows in cell
aldosterone does what
NA reabsorption in distal tubule to raise BP
how is mitochondrial dna transmitted
maternally
meiosis is a ___ process and goes from ___ to ___
linear, diploid, haploid
High sugar would cause
build up glycogen stores and fat stores
analogous structures are
evolved independently same function
types of prokaryotes
archea and bacteria
at mod temps cholesterol makes membrane __
rigid
what makes up miotic spindle
microtubules
lactate levels show
metabolic activities
structure of cholesterol
4 fused rings and hydroxyl
how does esterification affect solubility
makes less soluble (adds hydrophobic part)
conjunction is
transfer genetic info via direct contact
Plasma membranes made of what lipid
phospholipid
cDNA is made from
mRNA
double stranded breaks occur in
backbone
waxes have
esters
lipid raft composition
high sterols, low lipid rafts
anterior hormones are released by __ vs posterior from ___
neurohormones, depolarization
to upregulate glycolysis F26BP ___ F16BP and ___ PFK1
inhibits, activates
steroid hormones dont need ___ bc___
secondary messenger, nonpolar can cross membrane
altered function of ETC causes
ROS signaling apop
pyruvate dehydrogenase needs
lipoic acid
order of ETC
1, 2, UQ, 3, Cyt, 4
what are part of inflammatory response
prostglandins
ETC is done where in prok
outer membrane
before can add base in DNA correction need
endonuclease
proteins synthesized from (direction)
N to C
what is more concerved sequence
DNA rep, transcription
chatecolamines are formed from
tyrosine
hyperglycemia causes ___ in urine
glucose, ketone bodies
meoisis 1 results in
haploid 23 chromosomes 2 sister chromatids
Carnitine transport needs
ATP
Transamination is ____ converted to _____ + ______
aa to alpha keto + glutamate
then glutamate goes to urea
Monoterpene is
2 isoprene units
ion channels in mylinated neurons are found
node of ranvier
cori cycle connects
gluconeogensis and glycolysis
what may lack bilayer
nonenveloped viruses
Furan ring is ___ points
5 points
kinesen and dynein are
microtubule motor proteins
when something is dephosphorylated it ____ activity
inhibits
hyperventilation causes ___ Co2 and ____ O2
less, more
aldosterone increases ___ and _____, it causes the exchange of ___ for __
Na and H20, exchange K for Na
in SDS page molecules move towards ___ pole
positive
SN2 rxn uses what solvent
polar aprotic
translation occurs on ___
ribosomes
microtubule depolymerization is
separating chromosomes
allosteric binding is
noncovalent outside active site
glucose is released from ____ end of glycogen
nonreducing
right ventricle is ____ because generates ____ pressure to pump to ____
thiner, less, lungs
more degradation means _____ intensity on gel
less
Cl is found in ___ CO2 in ___
plasma, erythrocytes
calcitonin ___ Ca conc by inc ___ and dec ___
dec, osteoblast, osteoclast
endosymbiotic bacteria cant be prevented with
vaccine
acronym for embryonic development
my baby grows nicely
do male mitochondria get past to zygote
yes then degraded
PCR is ___ amplified
linear
connective tissue types
bone blood adipose
enzyme for rate limiting step of fatty acid ox
carnitine palmityltransferase
action potentials propagate on __ in muscles
traverse tubule
skeletal muscle has low levels of
G6P
apoptosis signs
inc cyto c, proteolysis, capsase
D is depicted on cyclical sugar as
up on furthers carbon (wedge)
which amino acid can be converted to oxaloacetate and through what reaction
aspartate, deamination
methylation promotes
heterochromatin
what fatty acids are more fluid
shorter, DB
transduction with
bacteriophage
what areas in sarcomere shorten
I band, H zone
to prevent lac operon from being stuck on the ____ binds ____
operator, repressor
flagela and cilia are made of
microtubules
sperm is produced in ___ and stored in ___
semilifous tubules, epididymis
where is mitochondria in sperm
midpiece
osteoblasts
build new bone
ketone bodies can be used as
fuel
what is acetyl coa converted to for transport in
acylcarnitine
fatty acid synthesis uses what cofactor
NADPH
hybrid breakdown is
second gen of hybrids may not be healthy
hydrolysis of peptide bonds is _____ unfavorable and ______ favorable
kinetic, thermo
kinetic efficiency=
kcat/km
if have to put energy in to break bond products are
thermodynamically unstable
inc osmotic pressure causes cell to
shrivel
leukocytes gravitate to
inflammation
myoglobin holds O2 in
muscles and organs
cytochrome C carries ___ electron
1
centromes are often
heterochromatin
actin is a
microfilament
what doesnt absrob light
iris
mouth is derived from
ectoderm
iodine is used for
parathyroid
clotting factors synthesized
liver
steroid hormones are ____ so they need ___
lipophilic, transport protein
glucocorticoids
inc protein deg
highest conc in filtrate
medullary portion of collecting duct
bodning same strand btwn
5’ end P and 3’ end oh
after meosis 1 in sperm
loose first polar body
sperm is in ___ until ___
metaphase 2 fertilization
succinyl coA to succinate generates
NTP
PKA/FP2 ___ glycolysis PFK 2_____
activates, inhibits
GADPH converts
G3P to 13BPG
epinephrine activates what cascade ? resulting in what process becoming activated?
cAMP activates PKA, glycolysis + glycogenolysis
2 characteristics of peptide hormones
soluble blood, cant diffuse across membrane
T and B are ___ immune. T is ___ B is __
adaptive, cell, humoral
ionophrome ____ conc gradient
degrades
substrate for gluconeogenesis
pyruvate
how to activate G protein
exchange GDP for GTP
phosphogluconate part of the
PPP
filtration starts with the ___ ends with the ___
Bowman, collecting duct
