Bio/Biochem Flashcards
lytic stage invovles
infection and degrading
Kcat=
Vmax/E
high hydrostatic pressure causes
fluid to flow out bc goes low to high osmality
CAC occurs where
mitochondria
if trying to see importance of something what can be done
inhibit and see effect
first step of glycogen breakdown is
phosphorolysis
glycogen is converted to ____ and then ___
glucose 1 P then glucose 6 P
how does liver effect osmotic pressure
plasma proteins which do are produced in liver
what do desmosomes do
attach cells with intermediate filaments usually in high stress tissue
Hybridization is
annealing 2 comp nucleotides
Synapsis is
crossing over
Ubiquitination causes
enter proteasome
an antigen binds ____ with a ____ interaction
epitope, non covalent
each aa weighs
110 daltons
cathode is
positive (electrolytic neg)
endothelium
lines cardiac system
prymidines are ____ and have
U T C, 1 ring and TU has 2 carbonyls
beta ox occurs in ___ so need ___ to
mitochondria, carnitine transport in
how is power stroke innitiated and ended
P dissociates, cross bridge disassembles
cardiac and skeletal are similar bc ____ and one dif is
striated and multinuclear, different cardiac has intercalated discs
activation F26BP does what
inc glycolysis
deox blood flow
in vena cava to right atria, right ventricle
FADH2 is synthesized by
complex 2
alpha ketogluterate to
succinylcholine coa
lower MP means
less IMF
purines have ___ rings and are
2, A G
type 1 muscle fibers
slow contracting, myoglobin, capillaries
ox blood order
left atria, left ventricle out aorta
western blots use antibodies specific to _____ and bigger band means
protein of interest, higher affinity
In vivo is ___ and in vitro is ___
in cell/biological condition, isolated
in michalis menton the substrate conc should be
smaller than enzyme
Steroids dont need
secondary messangers
nucleotides have
phosphate
More Enzyme inc Vmax -__
proportionally
oxidative phase of PPP generates___ using __
NADPH, G6P dehydrogenase, phosphoglucanete dehydrogenase
somatic for _____ and autonomic for ____
voluntary motor, involuntary motor
Dec Ach degredation does what
more contraction
Proline for ___
rigid turns
Telomers are
double stranded, repetitive
prostaglandins for
inflammatory autocrine and paracrine
never found in alpha helix
glycine and proline
Blood Cellular components are ____ and plasma is ___
WBC + RBC, everything else including proteins
if energy is needed process is
thermodynamic unstable
purines are
2 rings A G
who is most susceptible to genetic drift
smaller populations
what varies in different cells in terms of how things get expressed
nuclear factors
signal sequence domains are for
secretory paths
nuclear proteins need what domains
DNA binding, nuclear localization, protein
_____ for high blood Ca and ____ for low blood Ca
calcitonin, parathyroid
Transcription factors need
nuclear localization signals to enter nucleus
Eukaryotes always have
double stranded genomes
If close together on chromosome what is less likely to occur
recombination
microtubules extend from _____ where ____ are
nucleus, centrioles
perioxosomes for
oxidation
connective tissue is
blood bone adipose
Michaelis menton equation has S or E
S
Prions are
misfolded proteins
Vasopressin regulates what are where
inc BP, aquaporins in collecting duct
Post translational modification is analyzed with
Western Blot
Phagosomes fuse
lysosomes
Proteases do what
break smaller particles
Internalization of particles by endocytosis is mediated by
endosomes
Blood flows from small intestine to
liver
Motor proteins move
along microtubules with interactions with actin
Cytotoxic T cells bind
antigens
ATP role in muscle contraction
separate myosin head and actin filament
protein folding based on
primary structure
fatty acid synthesis produces
NADP+
Uncompetitive changes
dec Km and Vmax proportionally
Genes duplicated are
highly similar
order of apoptosis by oxidative stress
cyto C activates capsases that degrade things
all lipids are
emulsified
what are hydrolyzed
things with esters (triglycerides, phospholipids)
precision is
how reliable (btwn tests)
Cis or Trans makes membrane less fluid
trans, saturated
if equal affinity for E and ES then _____
noncompetitive no effect on Km
Pre incubation with inhibitor causes
covalent linkages (irreversible)
Heaviest to lightest order of bases
GATC
mutations
accumulate linearly over time
ribose is
pentofuranose
mannose difference from glucose
C2 is up
morphogen is
signaling molecule in embryonic, diffuse across conc gradient
62 stage morula is equal in chromosomes to
2 cell stage
Shielded on NMR is
upfield right
_____-> glucose 6 phos (gluconeo)
F6P
if energy leaves G is
negative
to go past meiosis 2 in oocyte need
fertilization
spermatogenesis order
spermatagoniun, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatazoon
what event in muscle contraction involves ligand binding
Na influx from motor plate in muscle fiber needs acetylcholine bind
what is difference between RT PCR and PCR
different templates
analogous vs homologous
analogous same function homologous evolutionary history could be dif function
Funghi are
Euk
at moderate temps cholesteral____
makes rigid
In gel the anode is
positive
dif btwn single and double crossover
single end of one, double middle
Euk is monocistronic because
each gene own start site
aldosterone does what
Na reabsorbtion in distal tubules water retention to raise BP
Esterification of fatty acids occurs when
high glucose
acid peroxisomes found where
lysosomes
RNA replicase needed for
negative sense rna
anterograde order
organelles outwards ER to golgi
gram positive stains ____ why
purple, thick cell wall
miRNA for
RNA interference, gene silencing
siRNA for
RNA interference, bind comp and degrade
cytoskeletal filaments are found where
cytoplasm
conjugation
transfer genetic info bacteria next to each other
transduction uses ____ and transfection uses ___
bacteriophage, plasmid
Bilayer is
euk cell membrane
can grow virons in
cell culture
microtubules needed for
phagocytosis
autonomic nervous system is ___ and divides to
involuntary, sympathetic and parasympathetic
reflexes need
sensory neuron part of CNS
parathyroid hormone _____ calcitriol synthesis promoting _____ absorption and serum Ca ____
promotes, Ca and P, increase
Right Ventricle pumps blood to ____ and it is ___and Left to ____ and is ___
lungs, thin. body, thick
DNA rep in what phase of cell cycle
S
Pulmonary artery ___ CO2
high
When diaphragm contracts what happens
air in
most mutagens are
carcinogens
bacteria and virus are similar in that____ and different bc____
both no nuclear membrane, bacteria reproduce with fission and virus need host
leptin is released from ____ to ____ and ghrelin from ____ to
adipocytes, suppress hunger, gastric cells to trigger hunger
bottleneck
environmental catastrophe reduction gene pool
lactate synthesis produces what cofactor
NAD+
oxaloacetate converted to ____ then to ____
phosphoenolpyruvate, glucose
G protein path
ligand binds
replace GDP-> GTP
adenylyl cyclase active
ATP-> cAMP
activates PKA
