Bio/Biochem Flashcards
1
Q
lytic stage invovles
A
infection and degrading
2
Q
Kcat=
A
Vmax/E
3
Q
high hydrostatic pressure causes
A
fluid to flow out bc goes low to high osmality
4
Q
CAC occurs where
A
mitochondria
5
Q
if trying to see importance of something what can be done
A
inhibit and see effect
6
Q
first step of glycogen breakdown is
A
phosphorolysis
7
Q
glycogen is converted to ____ and then ___
A
glucose 1 P then glucose 6 P
8
Q
how does liver effect osmotic pressure
A
plasma proteins which do are produced in liver
9
Q
what do desmosomes do
A
attach cells with intermediate filaments usually in high stress tissue
10
Q
Hybridization is
A
annealing 2 comp nucleotides
11
Q
Synapsis is
A
crossing over
12
Q
Ubiquitination causes
A
enter proteasome
13
Q
an antigen binds ____ with a ____ interaction
A
epitope, non covalent
14
Q
each aa weighs
A
110 daltons
15
Q
cathode is
A
positive (electrolytic neg)
16
Q
endothelium
A
lines cardiac system
17
Q
prymidines are ____ and have
A
U T C, 1 ring and TU has 2 carbonyls
18
Q
beta ox occurs in ___ so need ___ to
A
mitochondria, carnitine transport in
19
Q
how is power stroke innitiated and ended
A
P dissociates, cross bridge disassembles
20
Q
cardiac and skeletal are similar bc ____ and one dif is
A
striated and multinuclear, different cardiac has intercalated discs
21
Q
activation F26BP does what
A
inc glycolysis
22
Q
deox blood flow
A
in vena cava to right atria, right ventricle
23
Q
FADH2 is synthesized by
A
complex 2
24
Q
alpha ketogluterate to
A
succinylcholine coa
25
lower MP means
less IMF
26
purines have ___ rings and are
2, A G
27
type 1 muscle fibers
slow contracting, myoglobin, capillaries
28
ox blood order
left atria, left ventricle out aorta
29
western blots use antibodies specific to _____ and bigger band means
protein of interest, higher affinity
30
In vivo is ___ and in vitro is ___
in cell/biological condition, isolated
31
in michalis menton the substrate conc should be
smaller than enzyme
32
Steroids dont need
secondary messangers
33
nucleotides have
phosphate
34
More Enzyme inc Vmax -__
proportionally
35
oxidative phase of PPP generates___ using __
NADPH, G6P dehydrogenase, phosphoglucanete dehydrogenase
36
somatic for _____ and autonomic for ____
voluntary motor, involuntary motor
37
Dec Ach degredation does what
more contraction
38
Proline for ___
rigid turns
39
Telomers are
double stranded, repetitive
40
prostaglandins for
inflammatory autocrine and paracrine
41
never found in alpha helix
glycine and proline
42
Blood Cellular components are ____ and plasma is ___
WBC + RBC, everything else including proteins
43
if energy is needed process is
thermodynamic unstable
44
purines are
2 rings A G
45
who is most susceptible to genetic drift
smaller populations
46
what varies in different cells in terms of how things get expressed
nuclear factors
47
signal sequence domains are for
secretory paths
48
nuclear proteins need what domains
DNA binding, nuclear localization, protein
49
_____ for high blood Ca and ____ for low blood Ca
calcitonin, parathyroid
50
Transcription factors need
nuclear localization signals to enter nucleus
51
Eukaryotes always have
double stranded genomes
52
If close together on chromosome what is less likely to occur
recombination
53
microtubules extend from _____ where ____ are
nucleus, centrioles
54
perioxosomes for
oxidation
55
connective tissue is
blood bone adipose
56
Michaelis menton equation has S or E
S
57
Prions are
misfolded proteins
58
Vasopressin regulates what are where
inc BP, aquaporins in collecting duct
59
Post translational modification is analyzed with
Western Blot
60
Phagosomes fuse
lysosomes
61
Proteases do what
break smaller particles
62
Internalization of particles by endocytosis is mediated by
endosomes
63
Blood flows from small intestine to
liver
64
Motor proteins move
along microtubules with interactions with actin
65
Cytotoxic T cells bind
antigens
66
ATP role in muscle contraction
separate myosin head and actin filament
67
protein folding based on
primary structure
68
fatty acid synthesis produces
NADP+
69
Uncompetitive changes
dec Km and Vmax proportionally
70
Genes duplicated are
highly similar
71
order of apoptosis by oxidative stress
cyto C activates capsases that degrade things
72
all lipids are
emulsified
73
what are hydrolyzed
things with esters (triglycerides, phospholipids)
74
precision is
how reliable (btwn tests)
75
Cis or Trans makes membrane less fluid
trans, saturated
76
if equal affinity for E and ES then _____
noncompetitive no effect on Km
77
Pre incubation with inhibitor causes
covalent linkages (irreversible)
78
Heaviest to lightest order of bases
GATC
79
mutations
accumulate linearly over time
80
ribose is
pentofuranose
81
mannose difference from glucose
C2 is up
82
morphogen is
signaling molecule in embryonic, diffuse across conc gradient
83
62 stage morula is equal in chromosomes to
2 cell stage
84
Shielded on NMR is
upfield right
85
_____-> glucose 6 phos (gluconeo)
F6P
86
if energy leaves G is
negative
87
to go past meiosis 2 in oocyte need
fertilization
88
spermatogenesis order
spermatagoniun, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatazoon
89
what event in muscle contraction involves ligand binding
Na influx from motor plate in muscle fiber needs acetylcholine bind
90
what is difference between RT PCR and PCR
different templates
91
analogous vs homologous
analogous same function homologous evolutionary history could be dif function
92
Funghi are
Euk
93
at moderate temps cholesteral____
makes rigid
94
In gel the anode is
positive
95
dif btwn single and double crossover
single end of one, double middle
96
Euk is monocistronic because
each gene own start site
97
aldosterone does what
Na reabsorbtion in distal tubules water retention to raise BP
98
Esterification of fatty acids occurs when
high glucose
99
acid peroxisomes found where
lysosomes
100
RNA replicase needed for
negative sense rna
101
anterograde order
organelles outwards ER to golgi
102
gram positive stains ____ why
purple, thick cell wall
103
miRNA for
RNA interference, gene silencing
104
siRNA for
RNA interference, bind comp and degrade
105
cytoskeletal filaments are found where
cytoplasm
106
conjugation
transfer genetic info bacteria next to each other
107
transduction uses ____ and transfection uses ___
bacteriophage, plasmid
108
Bilayer is
euk cell membrane
109
can grow virons in
cell culture
110
microtubules needed for
phagocytosis
111
autonomic nervous system is ___ and divides to
involuntary, sympathetic and parasympathetic
112
reflexes need
sensory neuron part of CNS
113
parathyroid hormone _____ calcitriol synthesis promoting _____ absorption and serum Ca ____
promotes, Ca and P, increase
114
Right Ventricle pumps blood to ____ and it is ___and Left to ____ and is ___
lungs, thin. body, thick
115
DNA rep in what phase of cell cycle
S
116
Pulmonary artery ___ CO2
high
117
When diaphragm contracts what happens
air in
118
most mutagens are
carcinogens
119
bacteria and virus are similar in that____ and different bc____
both no nuclear membrane, bacteria reproduce with fission and virus need host
120
leptin is released from ____ to ____ and ghrelin from ____ to
adipocytes, suppress hunger, gastric cells to trigger hunger
121
bottleneck
environmental catastrophe reduction gene pool
122
lactate synthesis produces what cofactor
NAD+
123
oxaloacetate converted to ____ then to ____
phosphoenolpyruvate, glucose
124
G protein path
ligand binds
replace GDP-> GTP
adenylyl cyclase active
ATP-> cAMP
activates PKA
125
how does PKA effect glycolysis
phosphorylates PFK2 which disphosphorylates F26BP and dec
126
is there tRNA for stop codon and what are the stop codons
No, UAA, UGA, UAG
127
retrotransposons are
enveloped virus with RNA
128
ligase is
put molecules together with high energy molecule
129
ribosomes attach to what
rough ER
130
ribosomes contain
RNA
131
nucleotides have
phosphate
132
meosis 1 results in
23 chromosomes with sister chromatids
133
hyperglycemia results in what in urine
ketone bodies and glucose
134
what is also increased when insulin
PPP (parallel path)
135
glycoproteins are for what
part fo cell membrane help with trafficking
136
what gel are proteins run on? and dna?
polyacrylamide, agrose
137
telomeres and centromeres are
both heterochromtin
138
in growing nucleotide strand what attacks what
3' oh attacks incoming 5' po4
139
how do u get cDNA single strand in cloning
reverse transcriptase
140
interferons are
proteins part of innate and adaptive
141
ADH does what
inc aquaporins and causes water reabsorption and inc bP
142
microglia are
macrophages in CNS
143
neuron order
axon synapse dendrite soma
144
B lymphocytes do what
antibodies, helper, memory
145
hayline cartilage role
lines ends of articulating bones helps bone formation
146
long bone composed of
epiphysis ends
diaphysis shaft with yellow bone marrow
metaphysis where epiphysis and diaphysis meet
147
tendons connect
muscle to bone
148
positive values on hydrophobicity index mean
transmembrane
149
necrosis causes
damage nearby cells by lysis
150
specific activity is
amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein
151
how can cytosine become uracil
deamination amine to carbonyl
152
guanine has
2 HB donor
153
burns cause
loss feeling
154
dermis and epidermis for
UV protection, sweating, hair
155
hypodermis for
insulation and shock protection
156
what inc Blood pressure
renin-angeotensin, aldosterone, ADH
157
how is urine pushed out
contraction bladder
158
oogenesis and spermatogenesis similar in that they
multipel divisions
159
what prevents autoimmune disease
self recognizing B and T cells destroyed
160
how does lipid drain through lympathic to circulatory
fluid, lymph capillaries, vessel, duct, vein
161
ADH does what ? where?
inc water permeability in distal tubule and collection duct
162
adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepi
163
endocytosis is
engulfing
164
proteases cant act on
D aa
165
what does lowering P co2 do to hemoglobin curve
more H shifts left
166
stomach secretes
intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, mucus, bicarbonate
167
lymph is filtered in ___ and blood in ___
lymph nodes, spleen
168
role of colon
absorb electrolytes and water
169
sebaceous glands
secrete oil
170
blood loss causes
vasoconstriction
171
whats in smooth and cardiac muscle
gap junctions
172
villi atrophy means
decrease SA of intestine
173
SSRI cause
serotonin more time in synaptic cleft
174
virus need
reverse transcriptase
175
gene inherited parent specific manner is
imprinted gene
176
what makes succinate
succinyl coa synthase
177
helicase role is to
unwind and seperate
178
operons are transcribed from
1 promotor upstream
179
epinephrine and norepi for
sympathetic nervous
180
hypoxia causes
lactic acid to make NAD+ which is used in glycolysis
181
bulbourethral glands
secrete thick akaline mucus
182
DNA pol alpha in prok for ___ and delta
for initiation, synthesis
183
5-> 3 mRNA is complement of strand going
3'->5'
184
the half way point of CAC is ____ before this ___ is produced and after ___
succinyl coA, 2 NADH and after FADH2 and NADH
185
waxes have
esters
186
positive control means
specific result is expected
187
in gel electrophoresis the cathode is
negative
188
restriction enzymes are
endonuclease
189
when lactose is present allolactose binds
repressor
190
dna methylation
inc gene expression
191
when does our body do anaerobic respiration
when need more ATP than aerobic can produce
192
oocytes stop in ___ until ___
prophase 1 until puberty
193
neuralation order
morula blastula gastrula
194
what triggers ovulation
spike in LH
195
there can be variability in length of what phase in reproduction
follicle
196
rate limiting step of CAC
isocitrate to alpha ketogluterate
197
adaptive radiation
one species into multiple
198
ox phos in prokaryotes occurs in
inner membrane
199
Golgi looks similar to __ bc
smooth ER, both folded
200
transcription factors have
DNA binding
201
hyperphagia
state of hunger
202
conserving water means urine is
high osmality
203
amber codon is
stop
204
blood brain is
tight junction
205
microglia are for
immune in brain
206
In a hypotonic environment water will flow
water flows in cell
207
aldosterone does what
NA reabsorption in distal tubule to raise BP
208
how is mitochondrial dna transmitted
maternally
209
meiosis is a ___ process and goes from ___ to ___
linear, diploid, haploid
210
High sugar would cause
build up glycogen stores and fat stores
211
analogous structures are
evolved independently same function
212
types of prokaryotes
archea and bacteria
213
at mod temps cholesterol makes membrane __
rigid
214
what makes up miotic spindle
microtubules
215
lactate levels show
metabolic activities
216
structure of cholesterol
4 fused rings and hydroxyl
217
how does esterification affect solubility
makes less soluble (adds hydrophobic part)
218
conjunction is
transfer genetic info via direct contact
219
Plasma membranes made of what lipid
phospholipid
220
cDNA is made from
mRNA
221
double stranded breaks occur in
backbone
222
waxes have
esters
223
lipid raft composition
high sterols, low lipid rafts
224
anterior hormones are released by __ vs posterior from ___
neurohormones, depolarization
225
to upregulate glycolysis F26BP ___ F16BP and ___ PFK1
inhibits, activates
226
steroid hormones dont need ___ bc___
secondary messenger, nonpolar can cross membrane
227
altered function of ETC causes
ROS signaling apop
228
pyruvate dehydrogenase needs
lipoic acid
229
order of ETC
1, 2, UQ, 3, Cyt, 4
230
what are part of inflammatory response
prostglandins
231
ETC is done where in prok
outer membrane
232
before can add base in DNA correction need
endonuclease
233
proteins synthesized from (direction)
N to C
234
what is more concerved sequence
DNA rep, transcription
235
chatecolamines are formed from
tyrosine
236
hyperglycemia causes ___ in urine
glucose, ketone bodies
237
meoisis 1 results in
haploid 23 chromosomes 2 sister chromatids
238
Carnitine transport needs
ATP
239
Transamination is ____ converted to _____ + ______
aa to alpha keto + glutamate
then glutamate goes to urea
240
Monoterpene is
2 isoprene units
241
ion channels in mylinated neurons are found
node of ranvier
242
cori cycle connects
gluconeogensis and glycolysis
243
what may lack bilayer
nonenveloped viruses
244
Furan ring is ___ points
5 points
245
kinesen and dynein are
microtubule motor proteins
246
when something is dephosphorylated it ____ activity
inhibits
247
hyperventilation causes ___ Co2 and ____ O2
less, more
248
aldosterone increases ___ and _____, it causes the exchange of ___ for __
Na and H20, exchange K for Na
249
in SDS page molecules move towards ___ pole
positive
250
SN2 rxn uses what solvent
polar aprotic
251
translation occurs on ___
ribosomes
252
microtubule depolymerization is
separating chromosomes
253
allosteric binding is
noncovalent outside active site
254
glucose is released from ____ end of glycogen
nonreducing
255
right ventricle is ____ because generates ____ pressure to pump to ____
thiner, less, lungs
256
more degradation means _____ intensity on gel
less
257
Cl is found in ___ CO2 in ___
plasma, erythrocytes
258
calcitonin ___ Ca conc by inc ___ and dec ___
dec, osteoblast, osteoclast
259
endosymbiotic bacteria cant be prevented with
vaccine
260
acronym for embryonic development
my baby grows nicely
261
do male mitochondria get past to zygote
yes then degraded
262
PCR is ___ amplified
linear
263
connective tissue types
bone blood adipose
264
enzyme for rate limiting step of fatty acid ox
carnitine palmityltransferase
265
action potentials propagate on __ in muscles
traverse tubule
266
skeletal muscle has low levels of
G6P
267
apoptosis signs
inc cyto c, proteolysis, capsase
268
D is depicted on cyclical sugar as
up on furthers carbon (wedge)
269
which amino acid can be converted to oxaloacetate and through what reaction
aspartate, deamination
270
methylation promotes
heterochromatin
271
what fatty acids are more fluid
shorter, DB
272
transduction with
bacteriophage
273
what areas in sarcomere shorten
I band, H zone
274
to prevent lac operon from being stuck on the ____ binds ____
operator, repressor
275
flagela and cilia are made of
microtubules
276
sperm is produced in ___ and stored in ___
semilifous tubules, epididymis
277
where is mitochondria in sperm
midpiece
278
osteoblasts
build new bone
279
ketone bodies can be used as
fuel
280
what is acetyl coa converted to for transport in
acylcarnitine
281
fatty acid synthesis uses what cofactor
NADPH
282
hybrid breakdown is
second gen of hybrids may not be healthy
283
hydrolysis of peptide bonds is _____ unfavorable and ______ favorable
kinetic, thermo
284
kinetic efficiency=
kcat/km
285
if have to put energy in to break bond products are
thermodynamically unstable
286
inc osmotic pressure causes cell to
shrivel
287
leukocytes gravitate to
inflammation
288
myoglobin holds O2 in
muscles and organs
289
cytochrome C carries ___ electron
1
290
centromes are often
heterochromatin
291
actin is a
microfilament
292
what doesnt absrob light
iris
293
mouth is derived from
ectoderm
294
iodine is used for
parathyroid
295
clotting factors synthesized
liver
296
steroid hormones are ____ so they need ___
lipophilic, transport protein
297
glucocorticoids
inc protein deg
298
highest conc in filtrate
medullary portion of collecting duct
299
bodning same strand btwn
5' end P and 3' end oh
300
after meosis 1 in sperm
loose first polar body
301
sperm is in ___ until ___
metaphase 2 fertilization
302
succinyl coA to succinate generates
NTP
303
PKA/FP2 ___ glycolysis PFK 2_____
activates, inhibits
304
GADPH converts
G3P to 13BPG
305
epinephrine activates what cascade ? resulting in what process becoming activated?
cAMP activates PKA, glycolysis + glycogenolysis
306
2 characteristics of peptide hormones
soluble blood, cant diffuse across membrane
307
T and B are ___ immune. T is ___ B is __
adaptive, cell, humoral
308
ionophrome ____ conc gradient
degrades
309
substrate for gluconeogenesis
pyruvate
310
how to activate G protein
exchange GDP for GTP
311
phosphogluconate part of the
PPP
312
filtration starts with the ___ ends with the ___
Bowman, collecting duct
