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mcat biological and biochemical > bio/bio > Flashcards

bio/bio Flashcards

1
Q

activation energy

A

equivalent to the highest peak on the reaction coordinate diagram. the difference in energy for the substrate at the start of the reaction coordinate diagram to the highest peak.

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2
Q

protonation

A

addition of a proton to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid

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3
Q

nucleophilic attack

A

an electron rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partially positive atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group, the positive or partially positive atom is referred to as an electrophile

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4
Q

salivary amylase

A

begins the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth

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5
Q

pepsin

A

protease that can be found in the stomach

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6
Q

nucleic acids

A

found in foods, they are digested in the small instestines with the help of pancreatic enzymes

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7
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that helps turn alcohols into aldehydes and ketones

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8
Q

enzyme antagonist

A

blocks the effect of the targeted enzyme

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9
Q

phosphatase

A

enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate

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10
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

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11
Q

actin

A

thin filament

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12
Q

actin polymerization

A

monomers of G-actin polymerize into F-actin

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13
Q

myogenic response

A

a local response in the in the resistance vessels that would slow blood flow to the brain that would reduce the chance of tissue damage from high blood pressure resulting from activation of the sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

blood pressure is highest in the where compared to the rest of the body?

A

aorta

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15
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

blood flow is directed towards the brain and skeletal muscles

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16
Q

microfilaments

A

composed of actin

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17
Q

phosphorylation

A

attachment of an inorganic phosphate group.

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18
Q

phosphorylatable amino acids

A

serine, threonine, tyrosine

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19
Q

electric field formula (magnitude) (E)

A

votage (v)/ distance (m)

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20
Q

hydroquinone

A

C6H4(OH)2. OH’s are in a para position

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21
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other

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22
Q

energy (J)

A

= power (W) x seconds

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23
Q

proteolytic cleavage

A

hydrolysis reaction

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24
Q

hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to its reaction with water

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25
shadowing
repeating what you hear
26
the brain areas that process linguistic information (both productions and comprehension) are lateralized in the left hemisphere
verbal inputs to the left ear, first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be processed by language areas of the left hemisphere.
27
selective attention
a shadowing task operationally defines the inputs to which subjects must attend
28
nociceptors
pain receptors
29
baroreceptors
detection of changed in pressure
30
endorphin agonists
heroin, morphine
31
agonist
a substance that fully activated the receptor that in binds to
32
antagonist
a substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, and it can block the activity of other agonists
33
six universal emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust
34
orbitofrontal cortex
associated with the processing of both postive and negative balanced emotions. when activity is lowered in the right hemisphere euphoria is experience. conversely, when activity is lowered in the left hemisphere depression is experienced
35
subcallosal cingulate
recognition of facial expressions associated with sadness
36
insula and basal ganglia
recognition of facial expressions associated with disgust
37
amygala
recognition of facial expressions associated with fear
38
schacter-singer theory
emotion describes an event (story describing fear) followed by a physiological response (fight or flight) which is interpreted as fear and fear is perceived.
39
cannon-bard theory
describes an event (story describing fear) which elicits a simultaneous physiological response (fight or flight) that is percieved as fear.
40
James-lange theory
describes an event (story describing fear) which ilicits a physiological response (fight or flight)
41
lazarus theory
requires that interpretation must happen before arousal or emotion.
42
variable ratio
reward after a randomized number of responses
43
variable interval
reward after a random amount of times
44
fixed interval
reward after a set period of time
45
fixed ratio
reward after a set number of response
46
the input phase of glycolysis
the first five steps. steps 1 and 3 are the most important because they require ATP.
47
two irreversible steps in the input phase of glycolysis
step 1: glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase and turned into glucose-6-phosphate step 3: fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated into fructose 1,6- bisphosphate
48
two irreversible steps in the output phase of gylcolysis
step 7: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is phosphorylated into 3 phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase ADP ---> ATP by substrate level phosphorylation step 10: phosphoenolpyrivate in phosphorylated into pyruvate ADP---> ATP 4ATP total produced - 2 ATP input ---> NET total of 2 ATP/glucosse
49
how can glycolysis come to a halt
due to the lack of NAD+
50
regulations steps of glycolysis
steps 1,3, 10 | step 3 is the "committed step" the molecule MUST finish glycolysis
51
rate of glycoloysis increases
when [ATP] is low
52
rate of glycolysis decreases
when [ATP] is high
53
PFK-1 in step 3 of glycolysis
very tightly regulated - it is inhibited by an increase in ATP, a decrease in pH, and an increase in PEP - it is activated by an increase in AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphophate
54
glucagon
raises blood sugar. promotes gluconeogenesis by making glucose
55
amino acids found in transmembrane domains
nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acids
56
negatively charged amino acids
very hydrophilic and polar
57
insulin
helps control blood glucose levels by signaling the liver and muscles and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood. insulin therefore helps cells to take in glucose to be used for energy. if the body has sufficient energy, insulin signals the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen.
58
alpha vs beta designation
distinguishes between molecules with multiple chiral centers, but differ only in the configuration of site known as the anomeric carbon atom
59
glucose
C6H12O6. glucose does not dissociate when dissolved in water. instead it turns from a solid to an aqueous solution.
60
osmotic pressure (pi symbol)
=MRTi (i= number of ions it dissociates into) (M= molar concentration)
61
ligand gated ion channel
group of ion channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and or Cl- to pass to the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter.
62
southern blot
uses a restriction digest to differentiate between mutant and wild type alleles.
63
restriction sites
most are 4-6 base pairs long. can be either mirror like in which the same forward and backwards are on a single DNA strand. or inverted repeat which is a sequence that reads the same forward and backwards, but the forward and backwards are find on complimentary DNA strands and these are the most biologically useful.
64
energy conservation
energy is = to zero for a laser used to dissociate a particular bond
65
energy of a photon (E)
= hf=hc/wavelength h= plancks constant 6.63x10^-34 js f= frequency of photon/electromagnetic radiation c= 3x10^8 m/s : speed of light in a vacuum wavelength= wavelength of photon/electromagnetic radiation
66
thin lens formula
1/o + 1/i = 1/FL o= object distance i= image distance FL= focal length
67
kinetic energy of a photoelectron
KE= hf - B.E B.E= binding energy or ionization energy
68
ohm's law
R=V/I R= resistance V= voltage I= current
69
resistance and current
resistance is smallest when current is largest. parallel resistors share the same voltage but not necessarily the same current. resistors in series share the same current.

mcat biological and biochemical (1 decks)

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