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mcat biological and biochemical > bio/bio > Flashcards

bio/bio Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

activation energy

A

equivalent to the highest peak on the reaction coordinate diagram. the difference in energy for the substrate at the start of the reaction coordinate diagram to the highest peak.

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2
Q

protonation

A

addition of a proton to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid

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3
Q

nucleophilic attack

A

an electron rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partially positive atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group, the positive or partially positive atom is referred to as an electrophile

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4
Q

salivary amylase

A

begins the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth

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5
Q

pepsin

A

protease that can be found in the stomach

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6
Q

nucleic acids

A

found in foods, they are digested in the small instestines with the help of pancreatic enzymes

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7
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that helps turn alcohols into aldehydes and ketones

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8
Q

enzyme antagonist

A

blocks the effect of the targeted enzyme

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9
Q

phosphatase

A

enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate

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10
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

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11
Q

actin

A

thin filament

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12
Q

actin polymerization

A

monomers of G-actin polymerize into F-actin

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13
Q

myogenic response

A

a local response in the in the resistance vessels that would slow blood flow to the brain that would reduce the chance of tissue damage from high blood pressure resulting from activation of the sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

blood pressure is highest in the where compared to the rest of the body?

A

aorta

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15
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

blood flow is directed towards the brain and skeletal muscles

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16
Q

microfilaments

A

composed of actin

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17
Q

phosphorylation

A

attachment of an inorganic phosphate group.

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18
Q

phosphorylatable amino acids

A

serine, threonine, tyrosine

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19
Q

electric field formula (magnitude) (E)

A

votage (v)/ distance (m)

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20
Q

hydroquinone

A

C6H4(OH)2. OH’s are in a para position

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21
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other

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22
Q

energy (J)

A

= power (W) x seconds

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23
Q

proteolytic cleavage

A

hydrolysis reaction

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24
Q

hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to its reaction with water

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25
Q

shadowing

A

repeating what you hear

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26
Q

the brain areas that process linguistic information (both productions and comprehension) are lateralized in the left hemisphere

A

verbal inputs to the left ear, first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be processed by language areas of the left hemisphere.

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27
Q

selective attention

A

a shadowing task operationally defines the inputs to which subjects must attend

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28
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

29
Q

baroreceptors

A

detection of changed in pressure

30
Q

endorphin agonists

A

heroin, morphine

31
Q

agonist

A

a substance that fully activated the receptor that in binds to

32
Q

antagonist

A

a substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, and it can block the activity of other agonists

33
Q

six universal emotions

A

happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust

34
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

associated with the processing of both postive and negative balanced emotions. when activity is lowered in the right hemisphere euphoria is experience. conversely, when activity is lowered in the left hemisphere depression is experienced

35
Q

subcallosal cingulate

A

recognition of facial expressions associated with sadness

36
Q

insula and basal ganglia

A

recognition of facial expressions associated with disgust

37
Q

amygala

A

recognition of facial expressions associated with fear

38
Q

schacter-singer theory

A

emotion describes an event (story describing fear) followed by a physiological response (fight or flight) which is interpreted as fear and fear is perceived.

39
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

describes an event (story describing fear) which elicits a simultaneous physiological response (fight or flight) that is percieved as fear.

40
Q

James-lange theory

A

describes an event (story describing fear) which ilicits a physiological response (fight or flight)

41
Q

lazarus theory

A

requires that interpretation must happen before arousal or emotion.

42
Q

variable ratio

A

reward after a randomized number of responses

43
Q

variable interval

A

reward after a random amount of times

44
Q

fixed interval

A

reward after a set period of time

45
Q

fixed ratio

A

reward after a set number of response

46
Q

the input phase of glycolysis

A

the first five steps. steps 1 and 3 are the most important because they require ATP.

47
Q

two irreversible steps in the input phase of glycolysis

A

step 1: glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase and turned into glucose-6-phosphate
step 3: fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated into fructose 1,6- bisphosphate

48
Q

two irreversible steps in the output phase of gylcolysis

A

step 7: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is phosphorylated into 3 phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase
ADP —> ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
step 10: phosphoenolpyrivate in phosphorylated into pyruvate
ADP—> ATP

4ATP total produced - 2 ATP input —> NET total of 2 ATP/glucosse

49
Q

how can glycolysis come to a halt

A

due to the lack of NAD+

50
Q

regulations steps of glycolysis

A

steps 1,3, 10

step 3 is the “committed step” the molecule MUST finish glycolysis

51
Q

rate of glycoloysis increases

A

when [ATP] is low

52
Q

rate of glycolysis decreases

A

when [ATP] is high

53
Q

PFK-1 in step 3 of glycolysis

A

very tightly regulated

  • it is inhibited by an increase in ATP, a decrease in pH, and an increase in PEP
  • it is activated by an increase in AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphophate
54
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood sugar. promotes gluconeogenesis by making glucose

55
Q

amino acids found in transmembrane domains

A

nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acids

56
Q

negatively charged amino acids

A

very hydrophilic and polar

57
Q

insulin

A

helps control blood glucose levels by signaling the liver and muscles and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood. insulin therefore helps cells to take in glucose to be used for energy. if the body has sufficient energy, insulin signals the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen.

58
Q

alpha vs beta designation

A

distinguishes between molecules with multiple chiral centers, but differ only in the configuration of site known as the anomeric carbon atom

59
Q

glucose

A

C6H12O6. glucose does not dissociate when dissolved in water. instead it turns from a solid to an aqueous solution.

60
Q

osmotic pressure (pi symbol)

A

=MRTi
(i= number of ions it dissociates into)
(M= molar concentration)

61
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

group of ion channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and or Cl- to pass to the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter.

62
Q

southern blot

A

uses a restriction digest to differentiate between mutant and wild type alleles.

63
Q

restriction sites

A

most are 4-6 base pairs long.
can be either mirror like in which the same forward and backwards are on a single DNA strand.
or inverted repeat which is a sequence that reads the same forward and backwards, but the forward and backwards are find on complimentary DNA strands and these are the most biologically useful.

64
Q

energy conservation

A

energy is = to zero for a laser used to dissociate a particular bond

65
Q

energy of a photon (E)

A

= hf=hc/wavelength
h= plancks constant 6.63x10^-34 js
f= frequency of photon/electromagnetic radiation
c= 3x10^8 m/s : speed of light in a vacuum
wavelength= wavelength of photon/electromagnetic radiation

66
Q

thin lens formula

A

1/o + 1/i = 1/FL
o= object distance
i= image distance
FL= focal length

67
Q

kinetic energy of a photoelectron

A

KE= hf - B.E

B.E= binding energy or ionization energy

68
Q

ohm’s law

A

R=V/I
R= resistance
V= voltage
I= current

69
Q

resistance and current

A

resistance is smallest when current is largest. parallel resistors share the same voltage but not necessarily the same current. resistors in series share the same current.

mcat biological and biochemical (1 decks)

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