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Biorefineries > Bio-based products > Flashcards

Bio-based products Flashcards

1
Q

How are viscose fibers made?

A

1- Cellulose is ground up and reacted with NaOH
2- After an ageing waiting period, the ripening process during which depolymerization occurs, carbon disulfide is added and a yellow crumb known as cellulose xanthate is formed.
3- Cellulose xanthate easily dissolves in NaOH to give a viscous yellow solution.
4- This solution is pumped through a spinneret into a dilute sulphuric acid bath which causes the cellulose to regenerate as fine filaments as the xanthate decomposes.

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2
Q

What are the types of nanocellulose?

A

1- long, thread-like cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
2- ribbon-like bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
3- short, rigid rods called cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of nanocellulose materials?

A

They combine the high strength of cellulose with high surface area, rendering them promising candidates in, for example, bio-based composite materials

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4
Q

what are the main types of hemicellulose found in softwood?

A

1- galactoglucomannans

2- arabinoglucuronoxylan

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5
Q

what are the main types of hemicellulose found in hardwood?

A

1- glucuronoxylan

2- glucomannan

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6
Q

what is the type of hemicellulose found in hardwood, softwood, and grasses as well?

A

Xyloglucan

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7
Q

what is high molecular weight hemicellulose highly desirable for?

A

various applications, such as barriers for packaging, emulsifier, hydrogels and functional fibers, etc.

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8
Q

what are the pretreatment processes used to isolate hemicellulose polymers from wood?

A

1- Alkali treatment
2- Organic solvent treatment
3- Mechanical–chemical treatments
4- Hydrothermal treatments

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9
Q

what is the impact of pretreatment on native cellulose?

A

any pretreatment method will affect the native

hemicellulose, and so different isolation methods probably also result in hemicelluloses different properties.

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10
Q

What are the benefits of bioproducts

A

1- Farm diversification from additional uses of agricultural feedstocks.
2- Development of new industries and products.
3- Reduced dependency on non-renewable fossil fuels.
4- Reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
5- Increased environmental safety and biodegradability.
6- Reduced toxicity.
7- Possible production of inexpensive medicinal drugs and vaccines.
8- Development of new drugs not available
from traditional sources.

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11
Q

What are the categories of bioproducts?

A

1- Biomaterials
2-Biochemicals
3-Bioenergy

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12
Q

what are biomaterials?

A

They are processed or engineered materials that are fully or partly derived from biomass.

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13
Q

what are some examples of biomaterials?

A

include biofoams and biorubber (from plant oil and latex), biocomposites incorporating agricultural or wood fibers and bioplastics ( plant oil and sugar)

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14
Q

what are some uses of biomaterials?

A

They are already being used by major auto manufacturers in various ways, including: bioplastics used in the production of vehicle interiors and biofoams used in car seats, etc

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15
Q

what are biofibers?

A

They are renewable, biodegradable fibers produced from wood, agricultural crop residues, and purpose-grown crops such as hemp, flax, and kenaf

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16
Q

what are the uses of biofibers?

A

They are used in the production of structural components (eg stairs, decking, doors and shelves). Also, construction and furniture industries, high-quality paper and textile

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17
Q

what are bioplastics?

A

Polymers produced from starch crops (e.g corn, potatoes, wheat) and vegetable oils(e.g., canola or soybeans), rather than petroleum feedstocks.

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18
Q

what are some examples of bioplastics?

A

Biochemically processed corn starch to lactic acid and further chemically converted to polylactic acid for use in the production of bioplastics

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19
Q

what are some applications of bioplastics?

A

1- packaging,
2- cutlery
3- gardening
4- pharmaceutical industries, etc

20
Q

what are biochemicals?

A

Chemicals and resins produced from bio-based inputs to supplement petroleum-based inputs. Examples are paints, lubricants, and solvents.

21
Q

what are biopharmaceuticals?

A

Antibodies, drugs, and vaccines produced by genetically modified plants. Also, industrial enzymes are manufactured from these genetically modified plants.

22
Q

what are some examples of biocosmetics?

A

Production of PCPs (soaps, body creams, lotions, shampoo, make-up, deodorants, sunscreens etc)

23
Q

what are the forms of bioenergy?

A

Liquid, solid or gaseous when biomass is treated using different processes (physical, biochemical, thermochemical).

24
Q

what are some examples of bioenergy?

A

Ethanol and biodiesel are the two most common biofuels often blended with petroleum-based gasoline and diesel respectively for transport or heating fuel.

25
Q

where is bioethanol generally derived from?

A

From corn grain (starch) and sugar cane (sucrose). However, lignocellulosic biomass is seen as an attractive
feedstock for future supplies of ethanol.

26
Q

How is Biodiesel produced?

A

By the chemical conversion of vegetable oils, fats, and greases by a process called transesterification.

27
Q

what is the third generation biofuel?

A

It is made by using algae as biomass, though there is still ongoing research for scale-up into industrial level

28
Q

How is Bio-Oil (Pyrolysis Oil) produced?

A

By a pyrolysis process that involves the rapid thermal decomposition of organic materials such as wood and
agricultural biomass, in the absence of oxygen

29
Q

How is Biogas produced?

A

By anaerobic digestion (in the absence of oxygen) of
organic materials such as manure, agricultural crop residues, dedicated energy crops, and food processing residues by bacteria. Typically contains 50%-60% methane and 35%-40% carbon dioxide

30
Q

How is Bioheat generated?

A

From direct combustion of biomass crops (switchgrass,

miscanthus), agricultural crop residues, forestry and a wide range of organic materials.

31
Q

What is the Biological hydrogen (biohydrogen) production process?

A

It is a hydrogen production technology that utilizes renewable energy resources by using microorganisms

32
Q

Mention some facts about biohydrogen production?

A
  • Interest in biohydrogen production started in the early 90’s to solve air pollution and significant climate change from fossil fuels.
  • Biohydrogen is considered as an important key to a sustainable world power supply.
  • Prospective to become the ideal means among the range of H2 production (from natural gases, coal, heavy oil, and naptha as well as from electrolysis of water) technologies presently existing.
33
Q

What is the obstacle facing the production of hydrogen from biomass?

A

It is more expensive to produce hydrogen from biomass

than it is to derive it from natural gas, therefore, it is still under intense research to make it market competitive

34
Q

what are the possible substrates usable for fermentative H2 production?

A

They can be divided into four main groups, namely:
1- Pure substrates such as glucose;
2- Energy crops such as Miscanthus
3- Solid wastes like food waste and
4- Industrial wastewaters such as wastewater from the pulp and paper industry

35
Q

How is biohydrogen generated?

A

by two different mechanisms which can be categorized as;
1- Sunlight-driven microbial photosynthetic processes using water or organic substrates
2- Dark fermentations by heterotrophic bacteria utilizing starches, sugars, and other organic substrates.

36
Q

What are the used microorganisms for the sunlight-driven process and fermentative bacteria for the dark fermentation process?

A

1- Green microalgae
2- Cyanobacteria
3- Photosynthetic bacteria

37
Q

What is crude glycerol?

A

It is a byproduct of biodiesel production. About 10% (w/w) glycerol as a main byproduct and it is generated from biodiesel production

38
Q

What controls the chemical composition of crude glycerol?

A

It varies with:
1- the type of catalyst used to produce biodiesel
2- the transesterification efficiency, the recovery efficiency of the biodiesel
3- other impurities in the feedstock (biomass) used
4- whether the methanol and catalysts were recovered.

39
Q

What are the uses of crude glycerol?

A

1- For Animal feedstuff (ruminant and non-ruminant by offsetting a portion of corn in forage diets).
2- As a feedstock for the production of the following chemicals;
• 1, 3-propanediol
• Citric acid
• Hydrogen and other lower molecule fuels
• Poly (hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA)
• Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
• lipids and carotenoids
• succinic acid

40
Q

What is Isoprene?

A

Isoprene is the building block for polyisoprene rubber, styrene co-polymers, and butyl rubber.
It is a key ingredient in the manufacture of automobile tires

41
Q

What is the actual condition for producing isoprene from biological resources?

A

It is in the early stages of development but is accelerating with the backing from major tire manufacturers (Bridgestone, Goodyear, and Michelin). A
statement goal made by Bridgestone company is to make tires from “100% sustainable materials” by the year 2050

42
Q

What are other utilizations for the use of polyisoprene?

A

polyisoprene is in the manufacture of footwear, mechanical instruments, medical appliances, sporting goods, etc.

43
Q

Describe lactic acid and how it is commercially produced?

A
  • It is an alpha-hydroxy acid with dual functional
    groups making it suitable for use in a variety of chemical transformations and products
  • commercially produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates
44
Q

What are the applications of lactic acid?

A

1- Food, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial uses, and polymers.
2- Building block for Polylactic acid that is biodegradable
3- It has gained popularity for use in food packaging, disposable tableware, shrink wrap, 3-D printers,

45
Q 
What are bioproduct opportunities for Pulp & Paper
companies, for:
1- Lignin
2- Nanocellulose
3- Pulp composite
4- Hemicellulose
5- Tall oil
A

1- Lignin——-to bioenergy and chemicals
2- Nano cellulose——for packaging
3- Pulp composites——Plastics
4- Hemicellulose—— to sugar and chemicals
5- Tall Oil—— to biofuel and chemicals

Biorefineries (2 decks)

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