Bio Flashcards
How are protein and gene symbols different in domain architecture figures?
In general, symbols for proteins are not italicized, while symbols for genes are
Why does the lumen of the rough ER share similarities to the extracellular space?
Rough ER lumen resembles extracellular space because they both require same conditions for proteins to fold properly
What kinds of molecules can pass through gap junctions?
Gap Junctions are large but don’t allow passage of macromolecules, only ions
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?
Cholesterol stabilizes membranes, more fluid at lower temperatures, less fluid at high temperatures
What type of amino acids makeup transmembrane segments?
Transmembrane proteins require hydrophobic amino acids
Describe secondary structure of nucleic acids?
Base pairing interactions within a single molecule or a set of interacting molecules (tRNA Clover leaf, hairpin structures)
What are the required elements of a plasmid?
A plasmid requires restriction enzyme sites, a host transcription initiating sequence, and an origin of replication. Reporter gene is optional
How is gene expression regulated at the cellular level?
changes of gene expression at a cellular level are due to changes in the transcription and translation rates for the genes, not the number of genes themselves.
What is an organic acid?
Organic acids are weak acids with formula -CO2H. They must have carbon and hydrogen in the formula, and there must be a covalent bond between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom in the structure
What is transduction?
Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which bacteriophages transmit genomic material
What is transformation?
Direct uptake of genetic material from the environment that is not mediated by viruses
What is conjugation?
Horizontal gene transfer process in bacteria in which plasmid DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another via a pilus. Viruses are not involved.
What is passive immunity?
Transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies from one individual to another
What are the noncellular components of the innate immune system?
Signaling molecules like cytokines and complement proteins
Where are tight junctions most commonly found?
Endothelial cells
