Bio Flashcards
Cancer
Result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
Evolution
Change in inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of new species
Function of plasma
Involved in transport of blood components and other dissolved substances and distribution of heat
Hormones involved in menstrual cycle
FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
FSH
Produced by pituitary gland
Causes maturation of an egg in the ovary and stimulates ovary to release oestrogen
LH
Produced by pituitary gland
Stimulates release of an egg
Oestrogen
Repairs and thickens uterine lining
Inhibit LH and FSH
Found in pill w/ progesterone - inhibits progesterone
Progesterone
Secreted by empty follicle
Maintains uterus lining so fertilised egg may implant
Inhibits LH and FSH
Found in injections, implants, skin patches - inhibits maturation and release of eggs
Non-hormonal forms of contraception
Barrier methods IUD Spermicidal agents Abstinence Surgery (sterilisation)
Blood group A
I^A I^A or I^A I^O
Blood plasma contains b antibodies
Can donate to A and AB
Can receive from A and O
Blood group B
I^B I^B or I^B I^O
Blood plasma contains a antibodies
Can donate to B and AB
Can receive from B and O
Blood group AB
I^A I^B
Contains no antibodies in blood plasma
Can donate to AB
Universal recipient
Blood group O
I^O I^O
Contains a and b antibodies in blood plasma
Universal donor
Can receive blood from O
Types of digestion
Mechanical - teeth grinding
Chemical - using bile and enzymes
How is stomach acid neutralised
Bile and pancreatic juice contain HCO3-
pH in mouth
7
pH in pancreas (pancreatic juice)
8 - optimum for protease, amylase, lipase
pH in small intestine (intestinal juice)
8 - optimum for protease, carbohydrase (HCl in stomach inactivates salivary amylase), lipase
HIV
Retrovirus - contains RNA as uses reverse transcriptase (viral RNA —> DNA)
Trials for new medicines
Preclinical tests - animals
Clinical tests - humans
Sequence of testing new meds
Tested on animals –> tested on a few healthy people (phase 1) —> Tested on a few patients (phase 2) –> tested on many patients double-blind w/ placebo (phase 3)
Reasons for phase 1
Make sure its safe (low number decrease risk)
To look for obvious side effects
Reasons for phase 2
Make sure it works
Low numbers decrease risk
Look for side effects
Reasons for phase 3
Look for less common side effects
Double-bind removes bias
Placebo acts as comparison
CVD includes
Coronary heart disease - coronary arteries blocked by clot or atheroma so cells die (reduced heart function)
Hypertension - consistently raised bp (above 140/90)
Stroke - brain cells die due to lack of oxygen and glucose rich blood
Reasons for hypertension (also reasons for lack of blood to brain)
Narroing of artery lumen due to atheroma
Hardening of an artery so that it cannot expand when blood flow increases
Risk factors for CVD that can be modified
Diet Lack of exercise Obesity Smoking Excess alcohol intake
Risk factors for CVD that cannot be modified
Increasing age
Gender
Heredity/ family history of CVD
Treatment/ management of CVD
Life-long medication - statins anti-coagulants, anti-hypertensive drugs
Surgery - stents or bypass
Lifestyle changes - balanced diet, reduced smoking, more exercise
Statins
Reduce production of cholesterol (component of atheroma)
Anti-coagulants
Reduce likelihood of blood clotting –> blocking an artery
Anti-hypertensive drugs
Causes blood vessels to relax so lumen diameter enlarges –> reducing blood pressure
Risk factors for prostate cancer
Being overweight
Eating red meat or high fat dairy
Increasing age
Family history
Risk factors for breast cancer
Being overweight
Increasing age
Family history
BRCA 1 or 2 gene mutation
Risk factors for colorectal cancer
Being overweight
Diet low in fibre
Increasing age
Family history
Stages of developing cirrhosis
Healthy liver
Fatty liver (deposits of fat lead to liver enlargement)
Liver fibrosis (scar tissue forms)
Cirrhosis (growth of connective tissue destroys liver cells)
