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BMAT > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

Result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

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2
Q

Evolution

A

Change in inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of new species

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3
Q

Function of plasma

A

Involved in transport of blood components and other dissolved substances and distribution of heat

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4
Q

Hormones involved in menstrual cycle

A

FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone

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5
Q

FSH

A

Produced by pituitary gland

Causes maturation of an egg in the ovary and stimulates ovary to release oestrogen

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6
Q

LH

A

Produced by pituitary gland

Stimulates release of an egg

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7
Q

Oestrogen

A

Repairs and thickens uterine lining
Inhibit LH and FSH
Found in pill w/ progesterone - inhibits progesterone

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8
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by empty follicle
Maintains uterus lining so fertilised egg may implant
Inhibits LH and FSH
Found in injections, implants, skin patches - inhibits maturation and release of eggs

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9
Q

Non-hormonal forms of contraception

A 
Barrier methods 
IUD
Spermicidal agents 
Abstinence 
Surgery (sterilisation)
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10
Q

Blood group A

A

I^A I^A or I^A I^O
Blood plasma contains b antibodies
Can donate to A and AB
Can receive from A and O

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11
Q

Blood group B

A

I^B I^B or I^B I^O
Blood plasma contains a antibodies
Can donate to B and AB
Can receive from B and O

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12
Q

Blood group AB

A

I^A I^B
Contains no antibodies in blood plasma
Can donate to AB
Universal recipient

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13
Q

Blood group O

A

I^O I^O
Contains a and b antibodies in blood plasma
Universal donor
Can receive blood from O

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14
Q

Types of digestion

A

Mechanical - teeth grinding

Chemical - using bile and enzymes

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15
Q

How is stomach acid neutralised

A

Bile and pancreatic juice contain HCO3-

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16
Q

pH in mouth

A

7

17
Q

pH in pancreas (pancreatic juice)

A

8 - optimum for protease, amylase, lipase

18
Q

pH in small intestine (intestinal juice)

A

8 - optimum for protease, carbohydrase (HCl in stomach inactivates salivary amylase), lipase

19
Q

HIV

A

Retrovirus - contains RNA as uses reverse transcriptase (viral RNA —> DNA)

20
Q

Trials for new medicines

A

Preclinical tests - animals

Clinical tests - humans

21
Q

Sequence of testing new meds

A

Tested on animals –> tested on a few healthy people (phase 1) —> Tested on a few patients (phase 2) –> tested on many patients double-blind w/ placebo (phase 3)

22
Q

Reasons for phase 1

A

Make sure its safe (low number decrease risk)

To look for obvious side effects

23
Q

Reasons for phase 2

A

Make sure it works
Low numbers decrease risk
Look for side effects

24
Q

Reasons for phase 3

A

Look for less common side effects
Double-bind removes bias
Placebo acts as comparison

25
Q

CVD includes

A

Coronary heart disease - coronary arteries blocked by clot or atheroma so cells die (reduced heart function)
Hypertension - consistently raised bp (above 140/90)
Stroke - brain cells die due to lack of oxygen and glucose rich blood

26
Q

Reasons for hypertension (also reasons for lack of blood to brain)

A

Narroing of artery lumen due to atheroma

Hardening of an artery so that it cannot expand when blood flow increases

27
Q

Risk factors for CVD that can be modified

A 
Diet
Lack of exercise
Obesity
Smoking
Excess alcohol intake
28
Q

Risk factors for CVD that cannot be modified

A

Increasing age
Gender
Heredity/ family history of CVD

29
Q

Treatment/ management of CVD

A

Life-long medication - statins anti-coagulants, anti-hypertensive drugs
Surgery - stents or bypass
Lifestyle changes - balanced diet, reduced smoking, more exercise

30
Q

Statins

A

Reduce production of cholesterol (component of atheroma)

31
Q

Anti-coagulants

A

Reduce likelihood of blood clotting –> blocking an artery

32
Q

Anti-hypertensive drugs

A

Causes blood vessels to relax so lumen diameter enlarges –> reducing blood pressure

33
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer

A

Being overweight
Eating red meat or high fat dairy
Increasing age
Family history

34
Q

Risk factors for breast cancer

A

Being overweight
Increasing age
Family history
BRCA 1 or 2 gene mutation

35
Q

Risk factors for colorectal cancer

A

Being overweight
Diet low in fibre
Increasing age
Family history

36
Q

Stages of developing cirrhosis

A

Healthy liver
Fatty liver (deposits of fat lead to liver enlargement)
Liver fibrosis (scar tissue forms)
Cirrhosis (growth of connective tissue destroys liver cells)

BMAT (3 decks)

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