Bio Flashcards
Peripheral vs tansmembrane proteins
Page 434
Transmembrane go through both layers of phospholipid bilayer
Principle features of a eukaryotic cell
Cell wall (plants), cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and nuclear membrane -eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, and fungi (yeasts)
Describe hypotonic and hypertonic
Page 436
What is the cell membrane freely permeable to?
- Most lipid voluble substances
- Small uncharged molecules (O2 and CO2)
- Water
Passive (simple) diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
- types of particles they transport
- use of energy and why
- what drives active transport
Page 440
Describe the endocytosis process
- types
- receptor mediated?
- steps
Page 441
Describe 3 types of cellular adhesions
Page 443
- tight junctions
- gap junctions
- desmosomes
What is the endomembrane system of the cell? What does each component do?
Page 443
- outer membrane (cell periphery)
- er (smooth and rough)
- nuclear membrane
Golgi apparatus
- function
- derived from
Page 444
Peroxisomes
Page 445
Lysosomes
Page 445
Vacuoles
Page 445
Mitochondria
- parts
- function
Page 445
Plastids
Page 445
Nucleolus
- location
- function
Page 446
Cillia and flagella are composed of what?
Microtubules (Tubulin)
Micro tubules
Page 446
- main component of centrioles, spindles, cytoskeleton, Cillia and flagella
- composed of tubulin (protein)
Centrioles
Assist in formation of mitotic spindles during cell division
Composed of micro tubules
Micro filaments
Second element of cytockeleton
Function in cell movement
Composed of actin (protein)
Describe cleavage
- steps
- names of the phases
Page 533
Describe morphogenesis
- how it’s directed
- layers
Page 535
Describe neurulation
- notochord, neural tube, neural plate
- where does each come from
Page 536
The neural tube is a precursor to what
Page 536
Brain, spinal chord, certain components of the eye (retina and optic nerve)
Describe induction
-when it occurs
Page 538
Describe differentiation and determination
Page 538
What does the endoderm give rise to?
- inner linings of esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
- pancreas
- gallbladder
- liver
- inner linings of respiratory tract
What does the ectoderm give rise to?
- epidermis
- eye
- nervous system
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
- connective tissue
- heart
- blood cells (red and white, including those of the lymphatic system)
- urogenital system
- parts of other internal organs
What are gram stains used for and how do they work?
Page 546
Define: haploid, diploid, homology, and monoploidy
Which types of cells contain which number of chromosomes?
Page 509
Describe the phases of the cellular reproduction cycle (mitosis)
-what happens in each phase
Page 511
Describe the s-phase of mitosis
- when does it occur
- what’s a centromere, sister chromatid
Page 512
Describe mitosis
- what happens in each phase
- when does cytokinesis come in and what is it/when is it
- what marks the beginning/end of each phase
Page 512
What is reduction division?
Page 515
What are tetrads?
Page 515
What is synapsis?
Page 515
What is a chiasma/synaptonemal membrane
Page 515
What is the diff btw prophase in mitosis and prophase 1 in meiosis?
Page 515
When does crossing over and synapsis occur?
In p1
A tetra is composed of how many chromatids?
4
What differs in m1 (from mitosis)
Pairs of homologous chromosomes align at the center instead of single chromosomes
What differs in a1 (compared to mitosis)
Centromeres do not split
Describe what is produced overall in meiosis vs mitosis
- haploid/diploid
- same or diff
- number of cells
Page 520
-read and think about what each cell gets wrt original genome and when the s-phase is
Describe the terms gametogenesis, gonads, & gametes wrt male and female + where each occurs
Page 522
Describe spermatogenesis
- terms
- where each step occurs
- haploid or diploid
- meiotic or mitotic
Page 523
Describe oogenesis
- terms
- where each step occurs
- haploid or diploid
- meiotic or mitotic
Page 525
What is the diff btw spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Page 525
-unequal cytoplasm distribution
What is normally the site of implantation and fertilization?
Page 528
-uterus (endometrial tissue) and Fallopian tube
What is a follicle?
Page 528
What are the 2 membrane layers of the ovum?
- how they function in fertilization
Page 528
Describe bacteria wrt
- euk/prok
- single/multicellular
- shape/characteristics
- differentiation
- cell wall
- reproduction
- DNA or RNA
- haploid or diploid
Page 545
Describe viruses wrt
- euk/prok
- single/multicellular
- shape/characteristics
- differentiation
- cell wall
- reproduction
- DNA or RNA
- haploid or diploid
Page 548
Describe fungi wrt
- euk/prok
- single/multicellular
- shape/characteristics
- differentiation
- cell wall
- reproduction
- DNA or RNA
- haploid or diploid
Page 551
Formula for binary fission (bacterial reproduction)
Population size (#)=2^(g-1) g is how many generations
Is a bacteriums genome the same or diff than its parents?
Different through 3 recombinant processes (page 546)
-name and describe the processes too
Is binary fission a recombinant process?
No (page 547)
Describe the terms:
- autotroph, heterotroph, chemoautptroph
- herbivore, omnivore, carnivore
- parasite, saprophyte
Page 554
Describe bacterial metabolism wrt:
- aerobic
- anaerobic (obligate, facultative, and tolerant)
Page 556
Describe mutualism and a nitrogen fixing bacteria
Page 557
Describe homologous and hemizygous
Page 451
-note that the pair of homologous chromosomes in myself contain one chromosome from my mother and the other from my father
Describe a bacterial genome
Page 451
-double stranded DNA with only one highly coiled circular chromosome, not enclosed in a membrane or nucleus
What are histones and nucleosomes and when are they visible? What are they made of?
Page 452
What shape does DNA take?
- what compromises each part
- bonds
- what is a nucleotide/base
Page 455
Describe how purines and pyrimidines pair and what each looks like and what bond they form and how many bonds form
Page 457
What is the variable region of DNA?
The sequence of nucleotides (the backbone is not variable)
Draw the deoxyribose unit in detail
- describe 5’ and 3’ end
- antiparallel
- which way it runs (5’vs3’)
Page 463
Describe the DNA replication process
-what direction it occurs
Page 465
What is conventional expression of nucleotide sequence
Page 468
-5’ to 3’
Difference btw DNA and RNA
- sugar backbone
- pyrimidines
- strandedness
- stability
- lifespan in the cell
- template strand, non coding/coding
- polymerase
- which way it reads
Page 471 and 473
Describe the coding (sense) strand and non-coding (anti-sense) strand
Page 473
Describe the details of prokaryotic transcription template recognition
- upstream/downstream
- promoter site, consensus sequence
- transcription unit
Page 475
Describe prokaryotic initiation
- ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTP’s)
- start site
- DNA-RNA hybrid
- Pyrophosphate
- when sigma factor detaches
- when it’s complete
Page 478
Details of elongation
- when it begins/ends
- length of hybrid
- direction of transcription
Page 481
Details of termination
- hairpin loop
- Rho factor
Page 483