Bio Flashcards

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0
Q

Peripheral vs tansmembrane proteins

A

Page 434

Transmembrane go through both layers of phospholipid bilayer

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1
Q

Principle features of a eukaryotic cell

A
Cell wall (plants), cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and nuclear membrane
-eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, and fungi (yeasts)
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2
Q

Describe hypotonic and hypertonic

A

Page 436

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane freely permeable to?

A
  • Most lipid voluble substances
  • Small uncharged molecules (O2 and CO2)
  • Water
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4
Q

Passive (simple) diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport

  • types of particles they transport
  • use of energy and why
  • what drives active transport
A

Page 440

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5
Q

Describe the endocytosis process

  • types
  • receptor mediated?
  • steps
A

Page 441

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6
Q

Describe 3 types of cellular adhesions

A

Page 443

  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
  • desmosomes
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7
Q

What is the endomembrane system of the cell? What does each component do?

A

Page 443

  • outer membrane (cell periphery)
  • er (smooth and rough)
  • nuclear membrane
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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

  • function
  • derived from
A

Page 444

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9
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Page 445

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Page 445

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11
Q

Vacuoles

A

Page 445

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12
Q

Mitochondria

  • parts
  • function
A

Page 445

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13
Q

Plastids

A

Page 445

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14
Q

Nucleolus

  • location
  • function
A

Page 446

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15
Q

Cillia and flagella are composed of what?

A

Microtubules (Tubulin)

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16
Q

Micro tubules

A

Page 446

  • main component of centrioles, spindles, cytoskeleton, Cillia and flagella
  • composed of tubulin (protein)
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17
Q

Centrioles

A

Assist in formation of mitotic spindles during cell division
Composed of micro tubules

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18
Q

Micro filaments

A

Second element of cytockeleton
Function in cell movement
Composed of actin (protein)

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19
Q

Describe cleavage

  • steps
  • names of the phases
A

Page 533

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20
Q

Describe morphogenesis

  • how it’s directed
  • layers
A

Page 535

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21
Q

Describe neurulation

  • notochord, neural tube, neural plate
  • where does each come from
A

Page 536

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22
Q

The neural tube is a precursor to what

A

Page 536

Brain, spinal chord, certain components of the eye (retina and optic nerve)

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23
Q

Describe induction

-when it occurs

A

Page 538

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24
Q

Describe differentiation and determination

A

Page 538

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25
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A
  • inner linings of esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
  • liver
  • inner linings of respiratory tract
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26
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A
  • epidermis
  • eye
  • nervous system
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27
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A
  • connective tissue
  • heart
  • blood cells (red and white, including those of the lymphatic system)
  • urogenital system
  • parts of other internal organs
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28
Q

What are gram stains used for and how do they work?

A

Page 546

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29
Q

Define: haploid, diploid, homology, and monoploidy

Which types of cells contain which number of chromosomes?

A

Page 509

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30
Q

Describe the phases of the cellular reproduction cycle (mitosis)
-what happens in each phase

A

Page 511

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31
Q

Describe the s-phase of mitosis

  • when does it occur
  • what’s a centromere, sister chromatid
A

Page 512

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32
Q

Describe mitosis

  • what happens in each phase
  • when does cytokinesis come in and what is it/when is it
  • what marks the beginning/end of each phase
A

Page 512

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33
Q

What is reduction division?

A

Page 515

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34
Q

What are tetrads?

A

Page 515

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35
Q

What is synapsis?

A

Page 515

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36
Q

What is a chiasma/synaptonemal membrane

A

Page 515

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37
Q

What is the diff btw prophase in mitosis and prophase 1 in meiosis?

A

Page 515

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38
Q

When does crossing over and synapsis occur?

A

In p1

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39
Q

A tetra is composed of how many chromatids?

A

4

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40
Q

What differs in m1 (from mitosis)

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes align at the center instead of single chromosomes

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41
Q

What differs in a1 (compared to mitosis)

A

Centromeres do not split

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42
Q

Describe what is produced overall in meiosis vs mitosis

  • haploid/diploid
  • same or diff
  • number of cells
A

Page 520

-read and think about what each cell gets wrt original genome and when the s-phase is

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43
Q

Describe the terms gametogenesis, gonads, & gametes wrt male and female + where each occurs

A

Page 522

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44
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

  • terms
  • where each step occurs
  • haploid or diploid
  • meiotic or mitotic
A

Page 523

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45
Q

Describe oogenesis

  • terms
  • where each step occurs
  • haploid or diploid
  • meiotic or mitotic
A

Page 525

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46
Q

What is the diff btw spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

Page 525

-unequal cytoplasm distribution

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47
Q

What is normally the site of implantation and fertilization?

A

Page 528

-uterus (endometrial tissue) and Fallopian tube

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48
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Page 528

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49
Q

What are the 2 membrane layers of the ovum?

- how they function in fertilization

A

Page 528

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50
Q

Describe bacteria wrt

  • euk/prok
  • single/multicellular
  • shape/characteristics
  • differentiation
  • cell wall
  • reproduction
  • DNA or RNA
  • haploid or diploid
A

Page 545

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51
Q

Describe viruses wrt

  • euk/prok
  • single/multicellular
  • shape/characteristics
  • differentiation
  • cell wall
  • reproduction
  • DNA or RNA
  • haploid or diploid
A

Page 548

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52
Q

Describe fungi wrt

  • euk/prok
  • single/multicellular
  • shape/characteristics
  • differentiation
  • cell wall
  • reproduction
  • DNA or RNA
  • haploid or diploid
A

Page 551

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53
Q

Formula for binary fission (bacterial reproduction)

A
Population size (#)=2^(g-1)
g is how many generations
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54
Q

Is a bacteriums genome the same or diff than its parents?

A

Different through 3 recombinant processes (page 546)

-name and describe the processes too

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55
Q

Is binary fission a recombinant process?

A

No (page 547)

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56
Q

Describe the terms:

  • autotroph, heterotroph, chemoautptroph
  • herbivore, omnivore, carnivore
  • parasite, saprophyte
A

Page 554

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57
Q

Describe bacterial metabolism wrt:

  • aerobic
  • anaerobic (obligate, facultative, and tolerant)
A

Page 556

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58
Q

Describe mutualism and a nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Page 557

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59
Q

Describe homologous and hemizygous

A

Page 451
-note that the pair of homologous chromosomes in myself contain one chromosome from my mother and the other from my father

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60
Q

Describe a bacterial genome

A

Page 451

-double stranded DNA with only one highly coiled circular chromosome, not enclosed in a membrane or nucleus

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61
Q

What are histones and nucleosomes and when are they visible? What are they made of?

A

Page 452

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62
Q

What shape does DNA take?

  • what compromises each part
  • bonds
  • what is a nucleotide/base
A

Page 455

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63
Q

Describe how purines and pyrimidines pair and what each looks like and what bond they form and how many bonds form

A

Page 457

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64
Q

What is the variable region of DNA?

A

The sequence of nucleotides (the backbone is not variable)

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65
Q

Draw the deoxyribose unit in detail

  • describe 5’ and 3’ end
  • antiparallel
  • which way it runs (5’vs3’)
A

Page 463

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66
Q

Describe the DNA replication process

-what direction it occurs

A

Page 465

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67
Q

What is conventional expression of nucleotide sequence

A

Page 468

-5’ to 3’

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68
Q

Difference btw DNA and RNA

  • sugar backbone
  • pyrimidines
  • strandedness
  • stability
  • lifespan in the cell
  • template strand, non coding/coding
  • polymerase
  • which way it reads
A

Page 471 and 473

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69
Q

Describe the coding (sense) strand and non-coding (anti-sense) strand

A

Page 473

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70
Q

Describe the details of prokaryotic transcription template recognition

  • upstream/downstream
  • promoter site, consensus sequence
  • transcription unit
A

Page 475

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71
Q

Describe prokaryotic initiation

  • ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTP’s)
  • start site
  • DNA-RNA hybrid
  • Pyrophosphate
  • when sigma factor detaches
  • when it’s complete
A

Page 478

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72
Q

Details of elongation

  • when it begins/ends
  • length of hybrid
  • direction of transcription
A

Page 481

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73
Q

Details of termination

  • hairpin loop
  • Rho factor
A

Page 483

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74
Q

Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic transcription

  • cellular site
  • RNA polymerase
  • nature and complexity of promoters
  • transcription factors
  • RNA processing (primary transcript, introns and exons)
A

Page 485

75
Q

Generally describe translation

A

Page 488

76
Q

Describe the prokaryotic ribosome

  • subunits
  • what they are made of
  • sites
  • polyribosome
A

Page 489

77
Q

Describe prokaryotic tRNA

  • structure
  • sites
  • how many diff anticodons are there
  • how many tRNA to an amino acid?
  • amino acyl-tRNA synthesis
  • naming
A

Page 491

78
Q

Amino acid activation

  • delta G value
  • reaction summary
  • what is the energy in adulation used for
A

Page 491

79
Q

Describe prokaryotic initiation (translation)

  • direction
  • untranslatedd region
  • start codon
  • initiation complex
  • fMET-tRNA^Met
  • assembly is powered by what
A

Page 491

80
Q

Describe the details of elongation in prokaryotic translation

  • type of bond involved
  • energy required
A

Page 493

81
Q

Describe termination of prokaryotes in translation

  • stop codons
  • release factors
  • energy
A

Page 495

82
Q

Describe the energetics of translation in prokaryotes

A

Page 496

83
Q

Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic translation

  • ribosomes
  • mRNA source
  • 5’ UTR
  • first amino acid
  • timing or translation and transcription
A

Page 498

84
Q

What direction is conventional in describing DNA, mRNA, and tRNA?

A

DNA 5-3
mRNA 5-3
tRNA 3-5

85
Q

What is the generic code?

-degenerate

A

Page 499

86
Q

Describe the areas on the transcription unit

A

Page 502

87
Q

DNA replication vs transcription vs translation

  • signal to get ready
  • signal to start/stop
  • key enzyme
  • other enzymes
  • template molecule
  • read direction/build direction
  • molecule synthesized
  • prok/euk location
A

Page 503

88
Q

Explain what a catalyst does

-does it promote endothermicity and exothermicity and free energy

A

Page 561

89
Q

Describe the enzyme substrate complex

-lock and key vs induced fit

A

Page 563

90
Q

Describe the specificity of enzymes

A

Page 563

-pH and temperature

91
Q

What does the rate of a catalyzed reaction depend on?

A

Page 564

  • concentration
  • cofactors/coenzymes
92
Q

Describe enzyme inhibition

-feedback vs competitive

A

Page 565

93
Q

Describe ATP

  • what it’s made of
  • where the energy comes from
A

Page 657

94
Q

Describe glycolysis

  • aerobic or anaerobic
  • net output
  • brief description or process
  • where it occurs
A

Page 569

95
Q

Describe fermentation

  • net result
  • necessity of it for glycolysis to occur
  • in yeasts
A

Page 569

96
Q

Where do aerobic processes occur?

A

Mitochondria

97
Q

In aerobic respiration, what I used as the final oxidizing agent?

A

Oxygen

98
Q

How many molecules of ATP does aerobic respiration yield?

A

Btw 30 and 32

99
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle

  • oxidation or reduction
  • pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • products generated
  • how many turns does 1 molecule of glucose generate
A

Page 571

100
Q

Describe electron transport chain

  • where it occurs
  • cytochrome carrier system
  • the role oxygen plays
  • overall purpose
A

Page 574

101
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

  • potential energy
  • were it occurs
  • coupling
A

Page 576

102
Q

Compare aerobic vs anaerobic ATP production

A

Page 579

103
Q

Explain how much ATP eah step produces wrt protons pumped by oxidative phosphorylation

  • NADH
  • FADH2
A

Page 580

104
Q

What is a gene product?

A

Page 693

105
Q

True or false: all chromosomal sequences constitute genes

A

False: page 693

106
Q

Define the terms allele, locus, homozygous, heterozygous, and genotype

A

Page 694 and 700 and 701

107
Q

Define phenotype

A

Page 696

108
Q

Describe the source of the genotype wrt mother and father

A

Page 696

109
Q

Explain the law of segregation and law of independent assortment (wrt genes and alleles)

A

Page 696

110
Q

Describe dominant and recessive alleles

-classical (Mendelian) dominance

A

Page 702

111
Q

Explain the punnett square for monohybrid and dihybrid generic cross

A

Page 703

112
Q

What is a testcross

A

Page 704

113
Q

Describe incomplete dominance and co-dominance

-examples

A

Page 705

114
Q

Describe how we get human blood types

  • antigens/erythrocytes
  • alleles
  • antigen D
A

Page 706

115
Q

Describe 2 type of genetic recombination

A

Page 707

116
Q

Describe mutations in term of how much they affect evolution

A

Page 707

117
Q

What is a point mutation

  • silent
  • missense
  • nonsense
A

Page 708

118
Q

What is a frameshift mutation

A

Page 708

119
Q

Female vs male chromosomes

-how to determine sex

A

Page 709
Female xx
Male xy

120
Q

Describe autosomal traits

A

Page 710

121
Q

Describe mitochondrial traits

-recessive or dominant

A

Page 710

122
Q

Describe y linked traits

-recessive or dominant

A

Page 710

123
Q

Describe sex-linked (x-linked) traits

  • recessive/dominant
  • carriers
  • how it’s passed on to male/female from male/female
A

Page 710

124
Q

What is a pedigree

-3 step approach

A

Page 711

125
Q

6 modes of inheritance

  • autosomal recessive
  • autosomal dominant
  • y-linked
  • mitochondrial
  • x-linked recessive
  • x-linked dominant
A

Page 712

126
Q

What is a gene pool

-what leads to a gene pool

A

Page 717

127
Q

Describe evolution

  • wrt populations
  • Darwinian fitness
  • environmental alteration
A

Page 717

128
Q

Explain speciation and reproductive isolation

A

Page 720

129
Q

Describe adaptive radiation

  • niche
  • types
A

Page 720

130
Q

Explain the Hardy-Weinberg law (to predict gene frequency in a population
-assumptions

A

Page 722
p+q=1
(p+q)^2=1^2
p^2+2pq+q^2=1

131
Q

Explain genetic drift

A

Page 723

132
Q

Describe taxonomy and name the order of classification

A

Page 725

King Phillip came over for good soup

133
Q

Describe symbiosis

  • mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
  • how it relates to ecosystem
A

Page 725

134
Q

Where is respiration controlled?

  • nerve
  • muscles
  • what causes inspiration/expiration
A

Page 589

-note that expiration is a passive process

135
Q

Describe the respiratory tract

A

Page 591

136
Q

Explain the role of surfactant

A

Page 594

137
Q

Explain gas exchange

  • blood gas biochemistry
  • regulatory control of it
  • bicarbonate buffer system
A

Page 593, 595

138
Q

What is the muscle tissue of the heart called?

A

Myocardium

139
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Page 598

140
Q

Name the valve of the heart

  • types
  • location
A

Page 599

141
Q

Describe the flow of the heart

  • blood flow
  • contraction
  • systole and diastole
  • pulse
  • sa node and heart rate, av node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers
A

Page 602

142
Q

What is the blood composed of?

  • hematocrit
  • plasma
  • serum
A

Page 608

143
Q

Describehydrostatic and oncotic pressure

A

Page 609

144
Q

Briefly explain the lymphatic system

  • what it does
  • where it empties
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen and thymus
  • lymphocytes
A

Page 611

145
Q

Describe digestion from mouth to stomach

-enzyme(s)

A

Page 613

146
Q

Describe digestion in the stomach

A

Page 614

147
Q

Describe digestion in the small intestine

-enzymes

A

Page 614

148
Q

Explain the role of the liver and gall bladder in digestion

A

Page 616

149
Q

Describe digestion wrt the large intestine

A

Page 618

150
Q

Describe the composition of bone

  • matrix (organic and inorganic)
  • cell types (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes)
A

Page 619

151
Q

Compact vs spongy bone

-types of bone marrow

A

Page 619

152
Q

Describe the haversian system of bones

-lamellae, osteon, canal, spicules

A

Page 620

153
Q

Describe joints, ligaments and tendons

-types of joints

A

Page 621

154
Q

Describe the sarcomere

  • what are filaments composed of
  • A band, I band, H zone
A

Page 623

155
Q

Describe skeletal muscle contraction

  • troponin and tropomyosin
  • T tubules
A

Page 623

156
Q

Explain the energy requirements for muscular function

A

Page 627

157
Q

Explain the difference btw cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Page 627

158
Q

4 functions of renal system

A

Page 633

159
Q

Know structures of the kidney

  • including vasculature
  • visceral and parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
  • filtrate
  • what passes through Bowman’s capsule
A

Page 636-639

160
Q

Explain what happens through the course of the nephron

  • proximal tubule
  • descending l.o.h.
  • ascending
  • distal tubule
  • collecting duct
A

Page 640

161
Q

Explain hormone regulation of the nephron

A

Page 644

162
Q

Explain the difference btw endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Page 645

163
Q

Explain the diff btw the diff classes of hormones

  • hydrophilic or phobic
  • synthesis and storage
  • blood travel
  • receptor binding
  • effect on target
  • length of effect
A

Page 647

164
Q

Describe the pancreas role in the endocrine system

  • 4 main functions of insulin
  • insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
  • hyper/hypoglycemia
A

Page 647

165
Q

explain the adrenal glands as an endocrine organ

  • cortex vs medulla
  • hormones and what they do/what triggers them
A

Page 650

166
Q

Describe the thyroid lands wrt endocrine function

  • parathyroid glands
  • hypothyroidism
  • calcitonin T3 ad T4
A

Page 651

167
Q

Explain the endrocrine process of the female sex organs

A

Page 652

168
Q

Explain the endocrine process of the male reproductive organs

A

Page 657

169
Q

Describe the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

-hormone secretion

A

Page 658

170
Q

Explain endocrine system regulation

  • 2 divisions
  • tropic hormones
A

Page 660

171
Q

Describe the neurons rating potential

A

Page 664

172
Q

Describe the action potential

-depolarization, repolarization, refractory period

A

Page 666

173
Q

Explain Salvatore conduction, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes

A

Page 671

Question on 673

174
Q

Explain impulse transmission at the synapse

-2 neurotransmitters

A

Page 673

175
Q

Describe the divisions of the nervous system

A

Page 676

176
Q

Roughly know what each part of the brain does

A

Page 678

177
Q

Explain the simple reflex arc

A

Page 681

178
Q

Describe preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons

-wrt peripheral ns

A

Page 683

179
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic systems

-function and stucture

A

Page 684

180
Q

Describe the 5 types of sensory receptors

A

Page 686

181
Q

Briefly describe the vestibular/auditory system

A

Page 687

182
Q

Briefly describe the visual system

  • myopia and hyperopia
  • Ross and cones
  • rhodopsin
  • muscles
A

Page 688

183
Q

Briefly describe the skin

A

Page 689

184
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The association btw each mRNA codon and the amino acid for which it codes