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Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Reticular Activating System?

A

Sleep-wake transitions, behavioral motivations.

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2
Q

Fixed Action Patterns Include?

A

Innate responses, and releasers

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3
Q

Daily cycles of behavior?

A

Cricardian Rhythms

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4
Q

Habituation

A

Suppression of normal startle responses to stimuli.

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5
Q

Classical Conditioning also called?

A

Pavlovian, Conditioned Reflex

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6
Q

Reward or reinforcement what type?

A

Operant or instrumental conditioning

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7
Q

BF Skinner experiments included?

A

+,- reinforcement, punishment, habit family hierarchy.

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8
Q

Imprinting?

A

Behavior presented in critical period of development.

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9
Q

Songs, calls, intentional behavior changes are?

A

Displays (Repro, agonistic, antagonistic)

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10
Q

Dominant over subordinate when disputations arise?

A

pecking order

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11
Q

Reversible behavior change in recipient?

A

Releaser Pheromones (sex-attract, toxic defense, alarm)

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12
Q

long term behavioral or physical change in recipient?

A

Primer Pheromones

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13
Q

Population?

A

Organisms same species living together

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14
Q

Community

A

Different populations (plant, animal) interacting in given environment.

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15
Q

Ecosystem

A

Includes communities and environment (abiotic, biotic)

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16
Q

Biosphere

A

portions of planet that support life (atmosphere, litho-, hydro-)

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17
Q

Factors of Substratum (in soil)

A

PH, Loams (mixed soil), Minerals, Humus (amount of decay), texture

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18
Q

Niche

A

Functional role of organism, no two species can ever have same niche

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19
Q

Symbiosis Types?

A

obligatory, commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism

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20
Q

One or both organisms cannot survive without the other.

A

Obligatory Symbiosis

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21
Q

Benefit and Not affected? (Remora & Shark)

A

Commensalism (barnacle, whale)

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22
Q

Both organisms derive benefit (Rino Bird)

A

Mutualism

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23
Q

One organism benefits at expense of other

A

Parasitism

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24
Q

Carnivores and Herbivores (feed on other living)

A

Predators

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25
Q

Decompose (Fungi, Protists)

A

Saprophytes

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26
Q

Relations between species (Competitive, cohesive forces)

A

Interspecific interactions

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27
Q

What secretes uric acid crystals to conserve water

A

Insects (Type of osmoregulation)

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28
Q

Cold blooded animals are called

A

Poikilothermic

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29
Q

What types of animals are homeothermic

A

mammals birds (warm blooded)

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30
Q

Aspects of food pyramid

A

review energy, number,mass

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31
Q

Nitrogen cycle pg 259 Kap

A

Review pic

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32
Q

Climax Community

A

Final most stable stage of ecological succession

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33
Q

Dominent species in grassland is?

A

Grass

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34
Q

Small plants animals, plants conserve water, few birds and mammals

A

Desert Biome

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35
Q

Low rainfall, no shelter, mammals hoofed long legs,

A

Grasslands

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36
Q

High temp and rain, dense growth, epiphytes, saprophytes

A

Tropical Rain Forest

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37
Q

Cold winter, warm summer, moderate rainfall, oak, maple willow

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest

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38
Q

Cold, dry, fir, pine, spruce,

A

Temperate Coniferous forest

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39
Q

Long cold winter, spruce, Moss lichens, Moose

A

Taiga

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40
Q

Treeless frozen, Lichens, moss, polar bear, Musk oxen,

A

Tundra

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41
Q

No vegetation few animals near polar oceans

A

polar

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42
Q

What percent of earths photosynthetic activity takes place in water

A

90%

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43
Q

Most stable ecosystem?

A

Aquatic (Most connections in food web)

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44
Q

Region exposed to low tides, variation in temp.

A

Intertidal Zone

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45
Q

Region on continental shelf extends hundreds of miles beyond shore

A

Littoral Zone

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46
Q

Two zones of Pelagic Zone

A

Photic, aphotic

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47
Q

Locus?

A

location on chromosome where gene is located

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48
Q

Allele

A

one of several varieties of gene

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49
Q

Ratio for Pp * PP

A

F1- F2-1/2 PP 1/2 Pp

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50
Q

YYRR * yyrr … F1 F2?

A

F1- 1 YyRr F2 9:3:3:1

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51
Q

Snapdragons whit + red = pink is…

A

Incomplete dominance

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52
Q

Both fully expressed

A

co dominance

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53
Q

Blood possible Geno and Pheno

A

(Multiple Alleles) 6-Geno 4-Pheno ( A B AB O)

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54
Q

One Gene effects the phenotype of another gene?

A

Epistasis (Pigmentation of mice)

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55
Q

Single gene with more than one pheno

A

Pleiotropy

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56
Q

Single pheno from multiple genes?

A

Polygenic Inheritance (Human height, skin color)

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57
Q

All chromosomes undergo nondisjunction?

A

Polyploidy (common in plants)

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58
Q

Types of point mutations?

A

substitution, deletion, insertion

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59
Q

What is a genome with extra or missing chromosomes called?

A

Aneuploidy

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60
Q

Types of chromosomal aberrations?

A

Duplication, inversion, translocation

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61
Q

Lytic & Lysogenic life cycles, have DNA or RNA

A

Virus

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62
Q

Lack Nucleus, asexual, no membrane bound organelles.

A

Monera aka: prokaryotes like bacteria

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63
Q

Primitive eukaryotes plant and animal like, membrane bound nucleus and organelles

A

Protista

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64
Q

Non photosynthetic cell wall chitin not cellulose. (Saprophytic, Parasitic)

A

Fungi

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65
Q

call wall, photosynthetic, withstand extreme temperatures. No flagella or true nucleus

A

Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)

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66
Q

Cell wall single loop DNA not enclosed

A

Bacteria

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67
Q

amoebas, ciliophors single celled heterotrophs

A

Protazoa

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68
Q

Photosynthetic, photoplankton, or Euglena move about for food.

A

Algae

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69
Q

Many Nuclei in mass of protoplasm, asexual by sporulation

A

Slime Mold

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70
Q

Asexual sporulation, heterotrophs, decomposing organic material

A

Fungi

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71
Q

simple, few specialized tissues, live in moist, gametophyte is dominant,

A

Bryophyta (Moss, Liverworts)

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72
Q

Sporophyte dominant 4 subdivisions, deep roots

A

Tracheophyta (psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta,pteropyta)

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73
Q

Primitive, Rhizoids instead of roots, one vasculat bundle (eg: Psilotum)

A

Psilophyta

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74
Q

Non-woody roots, microphyll leaves

A

Lycophyta (Club Mosses)

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75
Q

Hollow Joint stems

A

Sphenophyta (Horse tail)

76
Q

Gametophyte has heart shaped leaves, sporophyte is dominant, sporangium on underside of leaves, underground stem

A

pterophytes (ferns)

77
Q

Naked Seeded Plant, grow in diameter and length.

A

Gymnosperms

78
Q

Flowering plants, ovary ripens in to fruit

A

Angiosperms

79
Q

Sporophyte dominant, microscopic gametophyte carried in wind,

A

Conifers (spruce, pine, fur)

80
Q

Female cone sporangia produce

A

megaspores

81
Q

Male cone sporangia produce.

A

microspores

82
Q

Angiosperm Megaspores are made by

A

ovary of female pistil

83
Q

Angiosperm Microspores aer made by

A

anther of male stamen

84
Q

Dicotyledons Characteristics & Examples

A

Two Cotyledons, Maple, Apple tree, potato, carrot, goldenrod, buttercup flowers multiple 4 or 5

85
Q

Monocotyledons Characteristics, Examples

A

Single cotelydon, nonwoody, flower multiples of 3, (grass, wheat, corn, rye, rice, banannas, palms,

86
Q

Sponges, pores, 2 layers of cells

A

Porifera

87
Q

Ecto & Endoderm, tentacles & Stingers

A

Cnidarians (jellyfish, anemone, coral)

88
Q

no circulatory system, bilaterally symmetrical 3 layers of cells (flatworms)

A

Platyhelminthes

89
Q

No Circulatory system, long tube with anus, hookworm

A

Nematoda (roundworm)

90
Q

Coelom (body cavity) well defined systems (earth worms, leeches)

A

Anelida (segmented worm)

91
Q

Secrete exoskeleton, gills, chambered heart (clam snail squid)

A

Mollusca

92
Q

Jointed appendages, chitin, open circ syteam 3 classes

A

Arthropoda (insect, arachnids, crustaceans)

93
Q

Spiny radially symmetrical water vascular system, starfish, sea urchin

A

Echinoderms

94
Q

Notochord, paired gills, tail beyond anus

A

Chordates

95
Q

Eel-like, notochord though life, no jaw, sucking, hagfish, lamprey

A

Jawless fish

96
Q

Jaws, teeth, segments between cartilaginous vertebra shark

A

cartilaginous fish

97
Q

scales, lack notochord, bony skeleton trout tuna

A

bony fish

98
Q

leathery eggs, horny bills, no nipples, platypus, anteater

A

Monetremes

99
Q

Homologus Structures

A

Have same basic anatomical features, and evolutionary origins. (wings bat and flippers whale)

100
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

appear to be useless but had some ancient function

101
Q

Changes arise from need (use or disuse theory)

A

Lamarckian

102
Q

P^2 2Pp p^2 = 1 know hwo to use

A

P^2 = TT 2Pp= Tt p^2 = tt

103
Q

change in composition of gene pool due to chance

A

genetic drift

104
Q

Migration of individuals between populations > changes

A

Gene flow

105
Q

small local polpulation

A

deme

106
Q

emergence of a number of lineages from single ancestral species

A

adaptive radiation

107
Q

Different species evolve in similar ways when exposed to similar enviroment

A

convergent evolution

108
Q

Isolated and species change and grow appart

A

divergent evolution

109
Q

two species evolve and don’t converge or diverge

A

parallel evolution

110
Q

DNA grows and duplicates in the ..

A

S phase

111
Q

Cleavage Furrow and cell plate in ..

A

animal and plant respectivly

112
Q

DNA grows and duplicates in the ..

A

S phase

113
Q

Cleavage Furrow and cell plate in ..

A

animal and plant respectivly

114
Q

What are the pruducts of Glycolosis

A

2 Nadh, 2 pyruvate, 2(Net) ATP

115
Q

What happens between Glycolosis and Krebs

A

Pyruvate + CoA > Acetal CoA + Nadh + CO2

116
Q

What does Krebs Produce

A

1 Pyruvate = ( 2 Nadh, 1 Fadh, 1 Atp) x 2

117
Q

Oxidatice Phosphorilation occurs in?

A

Cristea (Inner Membrane) of Mito

118
Q

What happens in the Matrix of the Mitochondira

A

Krebs, and Fixing

119
Q

What is Chemiosis?

A

ATP gen mechanism with H+ Gradiant

120
Q

Beta oxidation turns fatty acid into?

A

Acetal CoA

121
Q

Calvin cycle makes

A

CO2 and ATP into Glucose (Dark Rxn)

122
Q

Rubisco does what?

A

Makes CO2 combine with RuBP

123
Q

Photophosphorylation makes?

A

H2O + Light > O2 ATP (light rxn, cyclic and noncyclic)

124
Q

Stroma? What occurs here?

A

Fluid in chloroplast, CAlvin occurs here

125
Q

Thykaloids? What Occurs here?

A

Pancake Membrane, Granum is stack of thykaloids, PS 1 PS2

126
Q

what is C4 Photosynth?

A

Bundle Sheath, overcomes Rubisco’s ability to fix O2, can reduce time that stoma are open

127
Q

CAM

A

Allows Photosynth to work during day while stoma are closed (Malic acid)

128
Q

What connects Osaki Fragments?

A

DNA Ligase

129
Q

What does topoisomerase Do?

A

Helps to unwind and relieve tension on DNA

130
Q

Introns Vs Exons?

A

Exons are translated, Introns are not

131
Q

SnRNPS do What?

A

delete introns and allow exons to be spliced.

132
Q

what unique structures are at the ens of MRNA?

A

5’ Cap and 3’ Poly A Tail

133
Q

Frame shifts occur due to what type of point mutation?

A

Deletion and Insertion

134
Q

Silent Mutation?

A

New Codon still codes for same AA

135
Q

Missense Mutation?

A

New Codon codes for new AA

136
Q

Nonsense Mutation?

A

New Codon codes for Stop Codon

137
Q

Euchromatin vs HeteroChromatin?

A

Eu- is unwound Het- is still tight around histone (Methylation tightens acetalation loosens)

138
Q

Bacteria cells reproduce via?

A

Binary Fussion

139
Q

Analegous Structures are?

A

Similar in structure/ function, Disimilar in origin.

140
Q

Bacteria exchange DNA through

A

Conjugation

141
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favors traits at one end of an extremem range

142
Q

Bottleneck?

A

occurs population undergoes dramatic decrease in size

143
Q

Allopatric Seciation

A

when Pops are divided by geographic barier

144
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

new species with out geographic barrier

145
Q

Coevolution

A

tit for tat evo in response to ne adaptations

146
Q

Hyphae

A

Fungi grown filaments (bundle is mycelium)

147
Q

Mammals convert NH3 into _ in the liver

A

Urea

148
Q

resting neuron has Na & K where?

A

Na Outside K Inside

149
Q

Draw sarcomere

A

M-line (actin) In A band then I (myosin) to Z- Band

150
Q

Substance secreted by virus invaded cell?

A

Interferons

151
Q

B cells work in what response?

A

Humoral (antibody response)

152
Q

Cell mediated response is uses?

A

T-Cells

153
Q

Hormones can be?

A

peptides, modified AA, steroids

154
Q

Implanted embryo secretes?

A

HCG which maintains corpus lutetium

155
Q

Luteal phase begins?

A

Corpus Luteum begins secreting E & P

156
Q

Taxis is? Kineses?

A

Directed movement toward stimulus, Kineses is undirected movement

157
Q

Associative learning is?

A

Classical conditioning. performs behavior with substitute stim

158
Q

Operant Learning?

A

Connects behavior with enviromental response, + or -

159
Q

Animal without special defense mech mimics color of animal that does.

A

Bastian mimicry

160
Q

How much energy is typically transfered from one level of the food pyramid to the next?

A

10%

161
Q

Plants that live commensally on other plants?

A

Epiphytes

162
Q

1 Glucose = how many ATP?

A

36

163
Q

Region of Kidney w/ Highest osmolarity?

A

Inner Medulla

164
Q

Someone with alkaline blood would secrete alot of _

A

CO2

165
Q

What happens first neurulation or gastrulation.

A

Gast then Nur

166
Q

calvin cycle produces

A

6Co2 + 6 RuPB > 12 PGA…. 1 Gluc (Product of 6 turns)

167
Q

Archenteron

A

beginning of primitive gut

168
Q

Anaphase begins as

A

Chromosomes reach opposite poles

169
Q

what produces spores in plants?

A

Sporangia

170
Q

Syngammy

A

also called fertilization

171
Q

Pairing of Homo Chromosomes in meiosis?

A

Synapsis

172
Q

when does crossing over occur?

A

prophase 1

173
Q

Cheif cells produce

A

pepsinogen then HCL makes it into pepsin

174
Q

what does CCK do?

A

releases bile from gall bladder and enzymes from pancreas

175
Q

Insects respire primarily through?

A

Trachea

176
Q

TLC =

A

Residual volume (RC) + Vital capacity (VC)

177
Q

NADH and FADH2 are produced in what ratio?

A

3:1

178
Q

Pyruvate to Acytalcoa happen in

A

Matrix

179
Q

Krebs produces?

A

6NADH 2FADH2 2ATP 4 CO2

180
Q

Glucose to how many atp?

A

Glycolosis =2 ETC=34

181
Q

What has no circulatory system?

A

Cnidarians

182
Q

what do T P represent in ECG?

A

P is atrial depol T is repol

183
Q

steps of clot formation?

A

platelets + collagen>prothrombonin to thrombonin>fibrinogin activate fibrin>clot

184
Q

Chitin is found in?

A

insects, fungi, enchinoderms

185
Q

Nucleotide is made up of?

A

Nitro Base, Deoxy sugar, Phosphate

186
Q

steroids have how many carbon rings?

A

4

187
Q

Medulla Oblongata influences?

A

vasomotor, cardiac, respiratory, cough, sneeze, gag, vomit

DAT (4 decks)

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