Bio Flashcards
The tendency of the body to oppose flow is known as ________.
The tendency of the body to oppose flow is known as resistance.
Stenosis, or narrowing, of the afferent arteriole would cause a(n) _______ in resistance because of the reduced diameter of the afferent arteriole
Stenosis, or narrowing, of the afferent arteriole would cause an increase in resistance because of the reduced diameter of the afferent arteriole
The outside of a cell has a net ____ charge
The outside of a cell has a net + charge, more Na+ and less K+ (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)
The resting membrane potential of neurons is approximately ____ mV, which is close to K+ resting potential.
The resting membrane potential of neurons is approximately −70 mV, which is close to K+ resting potential.
What is the initial rise in the action potential due to?
Na+
What cells are myelin sheaths produced by?
Glial cells
What kind of channels are found at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons?
Voltage-gated ion channels are clustered at the nodes of Ranvier; in unmyelinated axons, they are evenly distributed
How do electrical synapses transfer information?
Electrical synapses transfer information from one cell to another via passive ionic current flow through gap junctions almost instantaneously since the cells are continous
Explain the steps in a chemical synapse
Is the cytosol side hydrophobic or hydrophillic?
Hydrophillic
What amino acid are serine and threonine very similar to?
Alanine
Which amino acids have amide groups?
Asparagine and glutamine
How does SDS page separate proteins?
By size
(anode is the + side)
Which mRNA functions in RNA interference by binding target complementary seq on mRNA molecule to silence gene expression?
miRNA
Which RNA associates with specific proteins to form snRNPs, the building blocks of spliceosomes?
snRNA
Which RNA functions in RNA interference by binding complementary mRNA and signals for its degredation?
siRNA
Which way does Km and Vmax increase in a Lineweaver Burk plot?
Fatty acid synthesis is an anabolic process that builds lipids in the ____. Anabolic processes generally require precursor molecules: ATP, NADPH, and acetyl-CoA, respectively.
In this process NADPH is oxidized to NADP+
Fatty acid synthesis is an anabolic process that builds lipids in the cytosol. Anabolic processes generally require precursor molecules: ATP, NADPH, and acetyl-CoA, respectively.
In this process NADPH is oxidized to NADP+
β-oxidation is the breakdown of fatty acid chains into _____ through a series of oxidation reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that produce ATP; long-chain fatty acids obtained from lipid stores must undergo a set of reactions to enter the mitochondrial matrix.
β-oxidation is the breakdown of fatty acid chains into acetyl-CoA through a series of oxidation reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that produce ATP; long-chain fatty acids obtained from lipid stores must undergo a set of reactions to enter the mitochondrial matrix.
_____ amino acids are converted to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates, which can be converted to glucose. _____ amino acids are converted directly to acetyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle or be used to form ketone bodies.
Glucogenic amino acids are converted to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates, which can be converted to glucose. Ketogenic amino acids are converted directly to acetyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle or be used to form ketone bodies.
Does Gel 1 or Gel 2 represent non-reducing SDS-page?
Gel 1 is non-reducing
Does vasocontriction or vasodilation increase blood pressure?
Vasoconstriction
Which bond, cis or trans, increases membrane fluidity?
Cis - this configuration is particularly important in cell membranes as it introduces a bend or “kink” in the fatty acid that prevents phospholipids from stacking together and solidifying.
Each phospholipid has a unique ____, ____, and _____ due to distinct features in the backbone, polar head groups, and fatty acid chains.
Each phospholipid has a unique mass, charge, and solubility due to distinct features in the backbone, polar head groups, and fatty acid chains.
What are examples of hydrolyzable lipids and non-hydrolyzable lipids?
(Note: all lipids can be emulsified)
What is Kcat = to?
Kcat = vmax / E total
The secretory pathway involves the processing of proteins as they go through the _____ and the ____. After processing in the Golgi, proteins destined for the cell membrane are packed into secretory vesicles, which fuse with the plasma membrane.
The secretory pathway involves the processing of proteins as they go through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. After processing in the Golgi, proteins destined for the cell membrane are packed into secretory vesicles, which fuse with the plasma membrane.
_____ can participate in retrograde trafficking, which refers to the reversal of a pathway in the context of cellular trafficking. In this case, retrograde trafficking leads to endosomes producing vesicles that fuse with the Golgi apparatus.
Endosomes can participate in retrograde trafficking, which refers to the reversal of a pathway in the context of cellular trafficking. In this case, retrograde trafficking leads to endosomes producing vesicles that fuse with the Golgi apparatus.
Which glycolysis intermediate could serve as the sole starting material of the synthesis of R5P in muscle tissue?
a. Fructose 6 phosphate
b. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
c. fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate
d. dihydroxyacetone phoephate
a. Fructose 6 phosphate
_____ is the enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway that catalyzes the conversion of 6-phosphogluconate to R5P.
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is the enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway that catalyzes the conversion of 6-phosphogluconate to R5P.
Are D-mannose and D-glucose:
a. epimers
b. enantiomers
c. constiutional isomers
d. anomers
a. epimers; only differ at 1 stereocenter
____ are stereoisomers that differ at every stereocenter, not just one.
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that differ at every stereocenter, not just one.
Ionizable side chains that contain oxygen or sulfur (__, __, __, __) are negatively charged when deprotonated and tend to decrease pI.
Ionizable side chains that contain oxygen or sulfur (Y, C, E, and D) are negatively charged when deprotonated and tend to decrease pI
A drop in BP causes the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys to release ____, an enzyme that cleaves the plasma protein angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I.
A drop in BP causes the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys to release renin, an enzyme that cleaves the plasma protein angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) cleaves ____ to form _____, which ultimately raises BP by inducing both the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and the constriction of arterioles.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) cleaves angiotensin I to form angiotensin II, which ultimately raises BP by inducing both the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and the constriction of arterioles.
Long-chain fatty acids are not recognized by any transport proteins; they must be modified or “activated” to enter the matrix. Fatty acid activation and transport requires which of the following:
a. ATP
b. OAA
c. carnitine
d. coenzyme A
a. ATP
c. carnitine
d. coenzyme A
In the cytosol, acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the reaction with coenzyme A to form acyl-CoA and requires ATP hydrolysis to proceed…
Acyl-CoA molecules then migrate to the intermembrane space and react with carnitine to form acylcarnitine. Acylcarnitine translocase recognizes acylcarnitine and carries it into the mitochondrial matrix…
Acylcarnitine is then converted back to acyl-CoA and carnitine. Acyl-CoA is digested by β-oxidation, and carnitine transported out of the matrix where it can pick up and carry a new fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix.
