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Biology Final 1 semestre > Bio > Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Steps of Scientific Method

A 
Question
Background Research
Hypothesis
Experiment (variables)
Analyze data & draw results
Communicate results
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2
Q

Independent Variable

A

Something changed by the scientist

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3
Q

Dependent Variable

A

What is observed

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4
Q

Controlled Variable

A

Something the scientist keeps the same

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5
Q

Characteristics of living things

A 
Grow & develop
Homeostatic
Use energy
Adapt
Organized
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
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6
Q

Organization in living things

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Individual
Population 
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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7
Q

Types of cell

A

Eukaryote (nucleus)

Prokaryote (no nucleus)

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8
Q

Cell Wall

A

Support and protection
Both
Plant

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Regulates molecule passage
Both
Both

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores genetic information
Eukaryote
Both

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis
Both
Both

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A

Modification, and transport of proteins
Eukaryote
Both

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13
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A

Lipid synthesis
Eukaryote
Both

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14
Q

Lysosome

A

Cellular digestion
Eukaryote
Animal

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15
Q

Vacuole

A

Storage of substances
Eukaryote
Both

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration
Eukaryote
Both

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17
Q

Chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis
Eukaryote
Plant

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18
Q

Centriole

A

Formation of Basal Bodies
Eukaryote
Animal

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of cells down the concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved (high to low)

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20
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water (down the concentration gradient. High to low) across the differentially permeable membrane. Uses solutions.

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21
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Same amount of solute, and solvent.

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22
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Less solute than solvent

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23
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

More solute than solvent

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24
Q

Types of cellular transport by carrier proteins

A

Active transport & facilitated transport.

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25
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

Proteins move molecules across the membrane following the concentration gradient (high to low)

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26
Q

Active Transport

A

Proteins help the molecules to move against the concentration gradient (low to high)

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27
Q

Exocytosis

A

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane

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28
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cells take in substances by vesicle formations

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29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When a material is large

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30
Q

Pinocytosis

A

When the object is covered by liquid

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31
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (energy)

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32
Q

Composition of ATP

A

1 adenosine
1 glucose
3 phosphate

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33
Q

Formula of photosynthesis

A

water (H20) + carbon dioxide (CO2) -> sugar (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2)

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34
Q

Phases of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent and light independent (dark)

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35
Q

Light dependent

A

Occurs in the thylakoid
H2O is broken apart
Solar energy is converted into ATP
Coenzyme NADP picks up an electron and a molecule of H

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36
Q

Light independent (dark)

A 
Occurs in the stroma
Sugar is made
ATP is used in order to make sugar
NADPH gives the electron and H to make sugar
CALVIN CYCLE
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37
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Occurs during the dark reaction
Where CO2 turns into sugar
Has to happen 6 times

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38
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Takes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water. Also produces ATP 34-38

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39
Q

Aerobic

A

Needs oxygen

40
Q

Anaerobic

A

Doesn´t needs oxygen

41
Q

Formula Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP 34-38

42
Q

Steps of Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis (anaerobic)
Prep Reaction (aerobic)
Citric and Acid Cycle or Krebs (aerobic)
Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)

43
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose breaks down into 2 MOLECULES OF ATP

44
Q

Prep Reaction

A

Pyruvate is converted into a C2 acetyl group

45
Q

Citric and Acid Cycle (Krebs)

A

Oxidation of an acetyl group. Produces 2 ATP and 4 CO2

46
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

All electrons pass down the transport chain producing 34 molecules of ATP

47
Q

Bases of DNA

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)

Cytosine(C)
Guanine (G)

48
Q

Bases of RNA

A

Adenine (A)
Uracile (U)

Cytosine(C)
Guanine (G)

49
Q

Human Genome Project

A

scientific researchproject with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA

50
Q

Production of a protein steps

A

Transcription & Translation

51
Q

Transcription

A

Complementary RNA is made out of DNA

52
Q

Translation

A

DNA is transcribed into mRNA to form a sequence

53
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)- takes a message from DNA to the ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- along with proteins makes up the ribosomes.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)- transfers aminoacids to the ribosomes

54
Q

Codon

A

Triplet of genetic code

55
Q

Anticodon

A

Triplet of genetic code that complements a codon in mRNA

56
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA

57
Q

Mitosis

A

Happens in somatic cells
It´s the nuclear division that produces two daughter nuclei (diploid). Starts with 46 chromosomes, then has 92, and ends with 46

58
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
59
Q

Parts of Meosis

A 
Interphase
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1

Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2

60
Q

Interphase

A

Cells grow larger, the number of organelles doubles and the amount of DNA doubles. G1, S, G2

61
Q

G1

A

Growth of the cell

62
Q

S

A

Replication of DNA

63
Q

G2

A

Final preparation of division

64
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nucleus disappears

65
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

66
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes separate to the poles. Each one recieves the same amount of chromosomes

67
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter cells are formed, chromosomes turn into chromatin again, and the nucleus reappears.

68
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

69
Q

Meosis

A

Requires 2 cell divisions, forms 4 haploids with 23 pairs of chromosomes. Happens in sexual cells

70
Q

Amount of chromosomes in a human cell

A

23 pairs or 46 cells

71
Q

Laws of Mendel

A

Segregation Law

Independent Assortment Law

72
Q

Segregation Law

A

Pairs of genes on homologous chromosomes separate from each other during meiosis into separate gametes
Each gamete contains only one factor for each pair of factors
Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait.

73
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes

74
Q

Phenotype

A

How a person looks like (physical characteristics)

75
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles that the chromosomes carry.

76
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate forms of a gene
Dominant allele: A (capital letter)
Recessive allele: a (lowercase)

77
Q

Homozygous

A

The same allele: AA or aa

78
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different allele: Aa

79
Q

Punnett square

A

Where all posible combinations of gametes are charted.

80
Q

What to look of on the Punnett Square

A 
Dominant Homozygous
Recessive Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotypic ratio>  Dominant : Recessive
Genotype ratio>  number of dom. homozygous : number of heterozygous : number of recessive homozygous
81
Q

Codominance

A

Situation in which 2 different alleles are expresssed. Ex AB blood type

82
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Situation in which neither allele is fully dominant so there´s a combined phenotype

83
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Are traits controlled by 2 different genes at different position. Ex. Skin color

84
Q

Steps in origin of the first cell

A

Inorganic molecules turned into organic (chemical evolution)
Organic molecules join to form macromolecules (chem. evolution)
Plasma
membrane forms (bio. evolution)
Protocells formed (bio. evolution)

85
Q

Oparin and Haldane Theory

A

They suggested that we come form the atmosphere of the primitive earth which is made of water, ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), hydrosulfuric acid (H2S), and NO OXYGEN.
This and lightning made the first organic molecules

86
Q

Miller and Urey Experiment

A

Was made in order to prove Oparin´s theory

87
Q

Evidence of evolution

A 
Fossils
Geological timescale
Biogeographical evidence
Anatomical evidence
Biochemical
88
Q

Fossil evidence

A

Preserved hard body parts
Marks on rocks
Transitional fossils

89
Q

Geological timescale

A

Relative dating method: Determines the relative order of fossils
Absolute method: Assign a date to fossils

90
Q

Biogeographical evidence

A

Continental drift: shift of the continents´positions

91
Q

Anatomical evidence

A

Homologous structures: indicate a common ancestor

Analogous structures: same basic function with different origin

92
Q

Darwin´s Natural Selection

A

The strongest species survive the change of environment

93
Q

Population

A

All members of an species in a particular area

94
Q

Community

A

Different species in the same area

95
Q

Ecosystem

A

where organisms interact with each other, and with abiotic factors

Biology Final 1 semestre (1 decks)

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