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1
Q

abysal plain

A

low diversity

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2
Q

hydrothermal vent

A

high diversity

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3
Q

species evenness

A

equal numbers of each species

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4
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

high species richness

area that is at risk from human activity

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5
Q

Food web

A

producer(chemosynthetic or photosynthetic) of ecosystem is algae
top predator is killer whale

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6
Q

where are shallow seas located?

A

anywhere located near land, the coast. 200 meters

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7
Q

where does their energy come from

A

sunlight- photosynthetic

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8
Q

where do the nutrients come from?

A

the land

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9
Q

where are salt marshes located?

A

mid to high latitudes. temperate attitudes

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10
Q

what are the salt marsh producers?

A

algae and grasses- spartina

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11
Q

what are the salt marsh consumers?

A

mostly invertebrate- crabs, snails …

seabirds

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12
Q

what species determine species distribution in salt marshes?

A

level of salinity and salt tolerance

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13
Q

conservation issues in salt marshes

A

habitat destruction

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14
Q

Where are rocky intertidal located?

A

anywhere where there are rocks

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15
Q

what are the rocky intertidal producers?

A

micro and macro algae.

lychan

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16
Q

what are the rocky intertidal consumers?

A

invertebrates

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17
Q

What features determine species distribution in rocky intertidal?

A

wave action and exposure to air

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18
Q

what are the conservation threats in rocky intertidal?

A

ocean acidification

invasive species

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19
Q

where are kelp forests located?

A

temperate- canada

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20
Q

What are the producers of kelp forests?

A

kelp

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21
Q

what are the consumers of the kelp forests?

A

sea otters

sea urchants

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22
Q

What are the conservation threats in kelp forests?

A

runoff
no sea otters, too many sea urchants
global warming

23
Q

Coral reef producers

A

zozanthelie- type of phytoplankton. Live inside the tissues of coral. Photosynthetic

24
Q

coral reef conservation threats

A

ocean acidification and climate change.

sea level rise from global warming, sea is too high to get sunlight

25
coral reef consumers
deep water coral reefs- can't get energy from sun
26
where does deep sea habitats get their energy?
chemsynethesis, no sunlight energy
27
polar ecosystem producers
microalgae and phytoplankton
28
polar ecosystem consumers
big vertebrates and krill
29
conservation threats in polar ecosystem
climate change
30
hydrothermal vents are located
borders of tectonic plates
31
hydrothermal vent producers
chemosynthetic bacteria produced by methane gas seeping out of earths crust
32
stocks
subdivided populations for management
33
Mariculture vs wild caught
50-50. half seafood consumed in the U.S
34
what is an EEZ
exclusive economic zone- 200 miles off shore
35
most important commercial fisheries in the US
invertebrates
36
what fishery famously collapsed in the US?
Cod fishery collapsed
37
why did the cod fishery collapse?
global warming and overfishing
38
whaling
existed for thousands of years
39
where is whaling still happening?
U.S. and Alaska
40
Sequential overharvest
need more small whales to equal big ones | japan said that whales could be killed for scientific reasons but aren't. Japan is hunting whales in the Southern ocean
41
Fishing methods
gill nets purse seines longlines trawls
42
3 types of mariculture
seeding intensive open
43
benefits to mariculture
higher yield- more fish and healthy
44
risks of mariculture
disease and genetic differences
45
what is point source pollution
oil spill, sewer line, plastics, runoff
46
how can plastic be harmful?
entanglement
47
where does runoff come from?
fans washed off fertilizers when it rains and goes into ocean.
48
what are the effects of the runoff
Algae blooms, red tide
49
what is the main chemical to worry about with seafood?
mercury
50
In the Fukushima example, which animals are most affected?
bottom dwelling fish
51
how long can oil persist in the environment?
for a while, it is still there
52
what % of oil pollution comes from large spills?
15% comes from large spills, rest comes from small leaks or runoff
53
Tools for ocean science
research vessels buoys, moorings, drifters- cheap in one place satellites UUV's (underwater)and UAVs- Ocean observatories - establish lots of stuff in deep sea

bio 106 (1 decks)

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