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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

abysal plain

A

low diversity

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2
Q

hydrothermal vent

A

high diversity

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3
Q

species evenness

A

equal numbers of each species

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4
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

high species richness

area that is at risk from human activity

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5
Q

Food web

A

producer(chemosynthetic or photosynthetic) of ecosystem is algae
top predator is killer whale

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6
Q

where are shallow seas located?

A

anywhere located near land, the coast. 200 meters

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7
Q

where does their energy come from

A

sunlight- photosynthetic

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8
Q

where do the nutrients come from?

A

the land

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9
Q

where are salt marshes located?

A

mid to high latitudes. temperate attitudes

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10
Q

what are the salt marsh producers?

A

algae and grasses- spartina

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11
Q

what are the salt marsh consumers?

A

mostly invertebrate- crabs, snails …

seabirds

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12
Q

what species determine species distribution in salt marshes?

A

level of salinity and salt tolerance

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13
Q

conservation issues in salt marshes

A

habitat destruction

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14
Q

Where are rocky intertidal located?

A

anywhere where there are rocks

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15
Q

what are the rocky intertidal producers?

A

micro and macro algae.

lychan

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16
Q

what are the rocky intertidal consumers?

A

invertebrates

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17
Q

What features determine species distribution in rocky intertidal?

A

wave action and exposure to air

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18
Q

what are the conservation threats in rocky intertidal?

A

ocean acidification

invasive species

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19
Q

where are kelp forests located?

A

temperate- canada

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20
Q

What are the producers of kelp forests?

A

kelp

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21
Q

what are the consumers of the kelp forests?

A

sea otters

sea urchants

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22
Q

What are the conservation threats in kelp forests?

A

runoff
no sea otters, too many sea urchants
global warming

23
Q

Coral reef producers

A

zozanthelie- type of phytoplankton. Live inside the tissues of coral. Photosynthetic

24
Q

coral reef conservation threats

A

ocean acidification and climate change.

sea level rise from global warming, sea is too high to get sunlight

25
Q

coral reef consumers

A

deep water coral reefs- can’t get energy from sun

26
Q

where does deep sea habitats get their energy?

A

chemsynethesis, no sunlight energy

27
Q

polar ecosystem producers

A

microalgae and phytoplankton

28
Q

polar ecosystem consumers

A

big vertebrates and krill

29
Q

conservation threats in polar ecosystem

A

climate change

30
Q

hydrothermal vents are located

A

borders of tectonic plates

31
Q

hydrothermal vent producers

A

chemosynthetic bacteria produced by methane gas seeping out of earths crust

32
Q

stocks

A

subdivided populations for management

33
Q

Mariculture vs wild caught

A

50-50. half seafood consumed in the U.S

34
Q

what is an EEZ

A

exclusive economic zone- 200 miles off shore

35
Q

most important commercial fisheries in the US

A

invertebrates

36
Q

what fishery famously collapsed in the US?

A

Cod fishery collapsed

37
Q

why did the cod fishery collapse?

A

global warming and overfishing

38
Q

whaling

A

existed for thousands of years

39
Q

where is whaling still happening?

A

U.S. and Alaska

40
Q

Sequential overharvest

A

need more small whales to equal big ones

japan said that whales could be killed for scientific reasons but aren’t. Japan is hunting whales in the Southern ocean

41
Q

Fishing methods

A

gill nets
purse seines
longlines
trawls

42
Q

3 types of mariculture

A

seeding
intensive
open

43
Q

benefits to mariculture

A

higher yield- more fish and healthy

44
Q

risks of mariculture

A

disease and genetic differences

45
Q

what is point source pollution

A

oil spill, sewer line, plastics, runoff

46
Q

how can plastic be harmful?

A

entanglement

47
Q

where does runoff come from?

A

fans washed off fertilizers when it rains and goes into ocean.

48
Q

what are the effects of the runoff

A

Algae blooms, red tide

49
Q

what is the main chemical to worry about with seafood?

A

mercury

50
Q

In the Fukushima example, which animals are most affected?

A

bottom dwelling fish

51
Q

how long can oil persist in the environment?

A

for a while, it is still there

52
Q

what % of oil pollution comes from large spills?

A

15% comes from large spills, rest comes from small leaks or runoff

53
Q

Tools for ocean science

A

research vessels
buoys, moorings, drifters- cheap in one place
satellites
UUV’s (underwater)and UAVs-
Ocean observatories - establish lots of stuff in deep sea

bio 106 (1 decks)

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