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Bio Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Allele that covers up recessive allele and is expressed in the phenotype

A

Dominant

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2
Q

Physical traits

Ex. Tall/short

A

Phenotype

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3
Q

1st generation of offspring

Created by p1

A

F1 generation

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4
Q

Chromosomes from a dividing cell placed in a chart with a homologous partner to determine gender& genetic disorders

A

Karyotype

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5
Q

Genetic makeup; list of alleles for possible offspring

AA, aa, Aa

A

Genotype

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6
Q

Genes for different traits segregate independently during formation of gametes

A

Principle of independent assortment

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7
Q

Austrian monk who founded genetics
experimented with pea plants
Father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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8
Q

Likelihood that something will happen

A

Probability

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9
Q

Sex cell, such as egg or sperm

A

Gamete

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10
Q

Both alleles are dominant& fight for expression

Causes speckling

A

Co-Dominance

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11
Q

Specific characteristic determined by a gene

A

Trait

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12
Q

Someone who has a gene but doesn’t portray it

A

Carrier

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13
Q

Parent generation

A

P1 generation

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14
Q

Covered by dominant

shown in phenotype only when both alleles are recessive

A

Recessive

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15
Q

1st cell formed after fertilization

A

Zygote

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16
Q

Offspring from F1 generation

A

F2 generation

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17
Q

Individual with unknown genotype crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

A

Test cross

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18
Q

A piece of DNA that contains info to create proteins

Determines traits

A

Gene

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19
Q

Neither allele is completely dominant

Causes blending

A

Incomplete Dominance

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20
Q

Cross involving two traits

A

Dihybrid cross

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21
Q

Alleles from each parent are different

Aa

A

Heterozygous

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22
Q

Genetic info bundled into packages of DNA

A

Chromosomes

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23
Q

Cross between two individuals using 1 trait

Tt xTt

A

Monohybrid Cross

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24
Q

2 carbon rings

A

Purines

A&G

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25
Q

Where 2 sister chromatids meet& are held together

A

Centromere

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26
Q

A sugar; where nitrogenous bases attach in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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27
Q

Each gamete carries only one allele per gene

A

Principle of segregation

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28
Q

Location of a gene on a chromosome

A

Locus

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29
Q

A, C, T, G

A

Adanine, cytosine, thymine (uracil), Guanine

A+T, C+G

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30
Q

Enzyme that deals out nucleotides to old strands of DNA to create 2 new identical strands

A

DNA polymerase

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31
Q

Follow a trait through several generations of a family

A

Pedigree

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32
Q

DNA doubles during the S phases of interphase

A

DNA replication

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33
Q

Determines gender

Male-XY Female-XX

A

Sex determination

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34
Q

Replaces deoxyribose in RNA

A

Ribose

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35
Q

DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, 2 chains
RNA: ribose, uracil, 1 chain

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36
Q

1 carbon ring

A

Pyrimidines

C&T

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37
Q

A deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

A

Nucleotide

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38
Q

1 side of a chromosome

A

Chromatid

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39
Q

Made of amino acids, 2+ make a protein

A

Polypeptide

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40
Q

Heritable changes in genetic info

A

Mutations

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41
Q

On mRNA, opposite of promoter

TAC=AUG

A

Start codon (methionine)

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42
Q

Enzyme that unzips the hydrogen bonds

A

Helicase

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43
Q

Shape DNA takes when it replicates

A

Replication Fork

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44
Q

Decodes instructions and builds proteins

A

tRNA

Transfer RNA

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45
Q

Weak bond that holds the bases together

How many between bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds
A+T=2
C+G=3

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46
Q

Marks where gene end

A

Termination Signal

ATT, ACT, ATC

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47
Q

DNA unzips and rezips farther further down when replicating, creating a bubble in between

A

Replication bubble

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48
Q

Genes that are only found on sex chromosomes

A

Sex-linked

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48
Q

Process of copying instructions from DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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49
Q

Analyzing DNA fragments within gel to find similarities

A

DNA fingerprinting

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50
Q

Any 3 nucleotide sequences that code for an amino acid

Any combo of A, C, G, U

A

Codon

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51
Q

Strong bond that Holds phosphate and deoxyribose together

A

Covalent

52
Q

Copies& transports instructions from DNA to ribosome

A

mRNA

Messenger RNA

53
Q

3 domains

A

Bacteria. Archae(archaebacteria) and eukarya (Protista, fungi, plantar, animalia)

54
Q

3 nucleotide sequence on tRNA- exact opposite of mRNA

AUG= UAC

A

Anticodon

55
Q

Grouping organisms according to characteristics & evolutionary history

A

Taxonomy

56
Q

Aid in transcription- relaxes DNA and helps build complementary mRNA chain

A

RNA Polymerase

57
Q

Building blocks of proteins, 2+ make a polypeptide

A

Amino acids

58
Q

Along with James Watson, discovered the structure of DNA

A

Francis Crick

59
Q

2 subunits that create 1 ribosome; where translation takes place

A

rRNA

ribosomal RNA

60
Q

Made up of polypeptides, which are made of amino acids

A

Proteins

61
Q

Scientist who worked with Francis Crick to discover the structure of DNA

A

James Watson

62
Q

On mRNA, opposite of termination signal on DNA

ATT= UAA, ACT=UGA, ATC=UAG

A

Stop Codon

63
Q

Process of decoding the mRNA into a protein

A

Translation

64
Q

DNA is negatively charged; apply electric current to DNA to separate DNA from biggest to smallest size

A

Gel electrophoresis

65
Q

Woman whose work with DNA crystallography and X-ray diffraction led to the discovery of structure of DNA
Photograph 51

A

Rosalind Franklin

66
Q

Classification system

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
67
Q

Evolutionary history of an organism

A

Phylogeny

68
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Genus species (italics or underlined)

69
Q

In 1753 he developed 4 level classification system as well as binomial nomenclature

A

Linnaeus

70
Q

No backbone

A

Invertebrate

71
Q

Similar structures in species that originated from a common ancestor

A

Homologous structure

72
Q

Both alleles are the same-AA

A

Homozygous

73
Q

5 kingdoms

A

Animalia (multi, eukary, hetero), plantae (multi, eukary, auto), fungi(multi, eukary, saprophytic), Protista (uni, eukary) bacterium (uni, prokary)

74
Q

Signals where gene begins on DNA

A

Promoter

TAC

75
Q

Worked with DNA for years& contributed to discovery of structure of DNA

A

Maurice Wilkins

76
Q

Author of “The Lrigin of Species”

Developed theory of evolution

A

Darwin

77
Q

Environment selects organisms with variations that have best chance to survive and reproduce

A

Natural selection

78
Q

Organisms are well adapted to environment so they survive and reproduce
Survival of the fittest

A

Fitness

78
Q

When an entire species dies off

A

Extinction

80
Q

There is natural variation in inherited traits due to random mutations

A

Variation

81
Q

Stud y of geographical distribution of fossils and living organisms

A

Biogeography

82
Q

Structure without function now but may have helped past generations

A

Vestigial structure

83
Q

Embryos of related organisms are very similar and difficult to distinguish

A

Embryonic homology

84
Q

Genes that have remained unchanged throughout evolution

A

Conserved genes

85
Q

Giant land mass before continents drifted apart

A

Pangea

86
Q

Humans speed up evolution by selective breeding

A

Artificial selection

87
Q

Group of organisms of the same species living in the same area

A

Population

88
Q

All of the alleles in all of the individuals that make up a population

A

Gene pool

89
Q

DNA similarities between humans and apes

A

98-99% identical gene sequences

89
Q

If you cut animal down the middle, both sides are same

A

Bilateral symmetry

90
Q

All parts radiate out from a central point and are the same

Ex. Starfish

A

Radial symmetry

91
Q

Population gets low, so gene pool is small, making it hard to adapt

A

Bottleneck effect

92
Q

Traces of dead organic matter that shows how organisms have changed over time

A

Fossil

93
Q

Characteristics of fish

A

Operculum, swim bladder, lateral line, scales

94
Q

No pattern can be found

Ex. Sponge

A

No symmetry

95
Q

Blood is pumped into body cavities and is not always contained in blood vessels

A

Open circulatory system

96
Q

Recognizable head with sensory organs

Always in animals with bilateral symmetry

A

Cephalization

97
Q

Have a backbone

A

Vertebrate

99
Q

Puddles, ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, inland marshes

A

Freshwater habitats

100
Q

Characteristics of mammals

A

Endothermic, mammary glands, give birth to love young, hair/fur

101
Q

Skeleton on the outside

A

Exoskeleton

102
Q

Internal skeleton

A

Endoskeleton

104
Q

Provides support& movement for Annelida

A

Fluid filled cavity

105
Q

Oceans/ saltwater

A

Marine habitat

106
Q

Characteristics of annelids

A

Segmentation, cephaliztion(ganglia), setae, clitellum, digestive, respiration, and excretory organs

107
Q

Where marine and freshwater habitats meet

A

Brackish

108
Q

Habitat on land

A

Terrestrial habitat

109
Q

Head

A

Anterior

111
Q

Organisms that are able to make their own food as in photosynthesis

A

Autotrophs

112
Q

Rear

A

Posterior

113
Q

Ventral

A

Stomach

114
Q

Pupa of a butterfly

A

Chrysalis

115
Q

Breathing mechanisms

A

Gills, lungs, skin, and trachea/spiracles

116
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

Egg, nymph, adult

117
Q

Characteristics of ALL chordates

A

Notochord
Hollow, dorsal nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal tail

118
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Egg, larva, pupa, adult

119
Q

Pupa of a moth

A

Cocoon

120
Q

Blood is closed within blood vessels at all times

A

Closed circulatory system

121
Q

Digestive organs in annelids

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestines, anus

122
Q

Respiration and excretion in annelids

A

Breathe through skin

Nephridia eliminate liquid waste and balance H20

123
Q

Characteristics of reptiles

A

Amniotic eggs, terrestrial(have lungs), 3 chambered heart

Chelonia (turtles& tortoises) Crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles) Squamata (snakes and lizards)

124
Q

Characteristics of Arthropoda

A

Jointed appendages, open circulatory system, antennae, head, thorax (cephalothorax in arachnids and crustaceans) abdomen, compound eye, cheliped

125
Q

Characteristics of amphibians

A

Pulmonary circulation, tadpoles, webbed feet, 3 chambered heart, metamorphosis

126
Q

Back

A

Dorsal

127
Q

Characteristics of ALL vertebrates

A

Vertebrae, cranium, endoskeleton, cartilage/hard bone, tetrapods, hinged lower jaw

128
Q

Organisms that must consume other organisms for energy

A

Heterotrophs

129
Q

Most common disorder

A

Addition at # 21- Down syndrome

Biology Final (1 decks)

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