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Biology 361 > bio 361 > Flashcards

bio 361 Flashcards

final exam

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1
Q

nuclei

A

groupings of cell bodies in brain

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2
Q

tracts

A

groupings of axons in brain

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3
Q

which two neurotransmitters are used in sensitization

A

serotonin then glutamate

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4
Q

Which 2 receptors are in long-term potentiation

A

AMPA, NMDA

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5
Q

Sensitization Pathway

A
  • facilitating neuron releases serotonin
  • seretonin binds to a receptor
  • activates AC
  • cAMP
  • PKA
  • inactivates K+ channels (K cannot leave cell)
  • increase membrane potential
  • more likely to fire in the future
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6
Q

long-term potentiation pathway

A
  • high glutamate release from pre-syn-neuron
  • large influx of Na through AMPA receptor
  • membrane potential rises, Mg pops off of NMDA receptor
  • Ca enters through NMDA receptor
  • phosphorylates AMPA, increasing affinity for glutamate
  • increase glutamate secretion in future from presynaptic neuron
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7
Q

4 ventricles of brain

A

Lateral ventricles (big), 3rd, 4th, central canal

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8
Q

gray matter

A

regions of CNS containing cell bodies, non myelinated axons, dendrites

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9
Q

white matter

A

regions of CNS containing myelinated axons

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10
Q

dual innervation

A

organs receive input from both systems

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11
Q

parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Ach

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12
Q

sympathetic neurotransmitter

A

NE

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13
Q

muscle Ach receptor name

A

nicotinic Ach receptors

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14
Q

ionotropic transduction

A

directly open ligand gated ion channel

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15
Q

metabotropic transduction

A

channel changes shape - g protein pathway

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16
Q

discrimination

A

tell difference

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17
Q

sensitivity

A

lowest stimuli to chance AP frequency

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18
Q

polymodal receptor

A

responds to several different stimuli

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19
Q

teleoreceptors

A

detect distant stimuli

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20
Q

externoreceptors

A

external stimuli

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21
Q

Interoreceptors

A

stimuli inside body

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22
Q

labelled line theory

A
  • each receptor cell connects to a specific sensory area in cortex
  • cortex interprets any signal in that area as coming from the same stimuli
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23
Q

receptive field

A

region where specific stimulus elicits greatest AP change

24
Q

dynamic range

A

range of stimulus that can be detected (eg frequency range)

25
Q

tonic receptors

A

produce AP as long as stimuli is present

26
Q

phasic receptors

A

produce AP only at start, end : readily adapt

27
Q

static pressure receptors

A

produce AP whenever stimulus is present (tonic)

28
Q

dynamic pressure receptors

A

produce AP only at start, end (phasic)

29
Q

model of phasic response

A
  • neuron in myelin
  • deform skin, deform myelin, deform channel, depolarization
  • myelin redistributes load, preventing further APs (while stimulus is constant)
  • if you stop pushing, myelin pulls, another AP
30
Q

hair cell pathway

A
  • oval window
  • waves in perilymph
  • basilar membrane vibrates
  • outer hair cells contract
  • inner hair cells’ stereocilia move towards kinocilium
  • K channels open, K goes in (dep)
  • glutamate released to afferent neuron
31
Q

encoding frequency

A
  • location of hair cell dep. on cochlea
  • high freq. near oval window - thin, stiff
  • low freq. distal end - flexible, wide
32
Q

Olfactory pathway

A
  • odorant binds to receptor, conf. change
  • Golf activated
  • activates AC
  • ATP -> cAMP
  • cAMP directly opens cation channel
  • Ca and Na enter
  • Ca opens Cl channel, Cl leaves
  • big dep. causes VG Na channels to open, causing AP
33
Q

dampening olfaction pathway

A
  • 4 WAYS
  • very strong smell - lots of Ca enters
    1) Ca binds to CALMODULIN
  • Ca-calmodulin complex decreases cAMP affinity of Ca/Na channel
    2) Ca-calmodulin complex activates Cam Kinase ll which decreases activity of CA (turning ATP to cAMP)
    3) ___ phosphorylates PDE to activate production of AMP from cAMP (degrades cAMP)
    4) G-protein receptor kinase (GPK) decreases odorant receptor affinity
34
Q

tasting salty pathway

A
  • Na enters
  • Ca enters
  • release glutamate
35
Q

tasting sour pathway

A

-H+ binds K channel, blocking it
- K does not leave cell
- Ca enters
release glutamate

36
Q

tasting bitter pathway

A
  • tastant binds receptor
  • transducin activated
  • activates PLC
  • PIP2 -> IP3
  • IP3 opens Ca channel
  • dep, release glutamate
37
Q

tasting sweet pathway

A
  • tastant binds receptor
  • gusducin activated
  • activates AC
  • ATP -> cAMP
  • activates PKA
  • closes K+ channels, K cannot leave
  • Ca enters
  • release glutamate
38
Q

photopigment

A

chromophore + opsin

- changes conformation when it absorbs light

39
Q

chromophore

A

converts from cis to trans

40
Q

opsin

A

determines which

41
Q

rhabdomeric photoreception pathway

A
  • light hits 11-cis retinal, changes it to all-trans retinal
  • opsin is activated, activates Gq -protein
  • G protein activates PLC
  • PLC converts PIP 2 to DAG
  • DAG activates Na/Ca channel to open, causing dep.
42
Q

ciliary photoreception pathway

A
  • light hits 11-cis retinal, changes it to all trans retinal
  • opsin is activates, activates transducin
  • transducin activates PDE
  • PDE converts cGMP to GMP
  • lack of cGMP causes blocking of Na channel, causing hyperpolarization
43
Q

how to detect a colour

A
  • 3 types of cones (BGR)
  • each come maximally absorbs a different wavelength
  • brain compares the RATIO between the absorbance of each of the photoreceptors to estimate the wavelength (colour)
44
Q

which type of shift causes trouble in discriminating colour

A

one bell curve moving closer to the others

- comparison is harder and harder as the wavelengths look more similar..

45
Q

rod properties

A
  • high photopigment
  • high sensitivity
  • low discrimination
  • best in low light
  • CONVERGENCE (more likely to pick up tiny amount of light)
46
Q

cones

A
  • low photopigment
  • low sensitivity
  • high discrimination
  • best in high light
  • PARALLEL
47
Q

phasic muscle cells

A
  • twitch

- one cell innervated by one neuron

48
Q

tonic muscle cells

A

one muscle is innervated by several motor axons

49
Q

cross bridge cycling “pathway”

A
  • ATP binds to myosin head
  • Myosin head detaches from actin
  • ATP -> ADP + Pi
  • myosin now in rest phase
  • myosin head extends and bings to actin
  • P is lost while myosin head performs power stroke
  • myosin bound to ADP and actin
  • ADP is lost and myosin is bound to actin still
50
Q

duty cycle

A

ratio of cross-bridge time:cross-bridge cycle time

- low if spend less time attached

51
Q

skeletal muscle contraction “pathway”

A
  • Ach binds receptor - Na dep - AP
  • propagates through t-tubules
  • DHPR on sarcomere changes conformation
  • Physically pulls open RyR receptor on SR
  • Ca goes into cytosol
  • Ca binds to troponin
  • Ca-troponin complex binds tropomyosin
  • tropomyosin moves off actin binding site
  • myosin head can now bind
  • (SERCA on SR is pumping Ca back into SR)
52
Q

factors affecting force of skeletal contraction

A

1) optimal length
2) frequency of stimulation
3) fiber type
4) arrangement of fibers

53
Q

tetanus

A

maintained contraction due to overlapping APs

54
Q

cardiac muscle contraction “pathway”

A
  • Ach binds receptor - Na dep - AP
  • propagates through t-tubules
  • DHPR on sarcomere opens
  • Ca comes in from extracellular
  • dep causes Ryr to open, Ca goes into cytoplasm from SR
  • Ca binds to troponin
  • Ca-troponin complex binds tropomyosin
  • tropomyosin moves off actin binding site
  • myosin head can now bind
  • (SERCA on SR is pumping Ca back into SR)
55
Q

cardiac action potential steps

A

0) Na channels open

1) Na channels

Biology 361 (1 decks)

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