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Bio 311 > Bio 311 > Flashcards

Bio 311 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton is a complex set of structures that are very dynamic, dealing with cell movement, cell shape, organelle movement, and organelle orientation.

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2
Q

What are the three main types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

The three main types of filaments are actin filaments (microfilaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

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3
Q

What are actin filaments also known as?

A

Actin filaments are also known as microfilaments.

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4
Q

What is the size of actin filaments?

A

Actin filaments are the smallest type of filament, measuring 7-9 nm.

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5
Q

What is the structure of actin filaments?

A

Actin filaments are structured as a double helix and are referred to as F-actin.

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6
Q

What are intermediate filaments known for?

A

Intermediate filaments are medium-sized (10 nm), tough, long, unpolarized, and less dynamic, serving as a ‘rope’ in desmosomes and the nucleus.

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7
Q

What is the largest type of filament?

A

Microtubules are the largest type of filament, measuring 25 nm.

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8
Q

What role do microtubules play during mitosis?

A

Microtubules appear during mitosis in the metaphase plate and axons.

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9
Q

What is cytochalasin D?

A

Cytochalasin D is a toxin that inhibits polymerization by binding to the + end of actin filaments.

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10
Q

What is phalloidin and its origin?

A

Phalloidin comes from death cap mushrooms and inhibits depolymerization of actin filaments.

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11
Q

What is the treatment for phalloidin consumption?

A

The treatment for phalloidin consumption is eating raw meat, which allows it to attack the filaments in the meat instead of in your cells.

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12
Q

What is thymosin beta 4?

A

Thymosin beta 4 is a sequestering protein that promotes ATP G-actin binding and works with profilin to regulate polymerization.

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13
Q

What is the function of profilin?

A

Profilin is an ATP/ADP exchanger that promotes swapping ADP for ATP G-actin.

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14
Q

What do capping proteins do?

A

Capping proteins bind to F-actin ends to prevent treadmilling.

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15
Q

What is the difference between G-actin and F-actin?

A

G-actin requires ATP and Mg2+, while F-actin is decorated with myosin S1 and appears as an arrowhead on TEM imaging.

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16
Q

What is treadmilling in actin filaments?

A

Treadmilling occurs when G-actin is added and removed at either end, resulting in no net increase or decrease in size once steady state is established.
+ end experiences treadmilling 5 x faster then - end.

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17
Q

What is the critical concentration in actin polymerization?

A

The critical concentration is akin to chemical equilibrium, where the + end experiences treadmilling 5X faster than the - end.

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18
Q

What are molecular motors in the cytoskeleton?

A

Molecular motors include kinesin, which is used in anterograde transmission, and dynein, which is used in retrograde transmission.

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19
Q

What is Kartagener syndrome?

A

Kartagener syndrome is a defect in dynein that causes defective cilia in the lungs, leading to congestion.

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20
Q

What are the uses for stem cells?

A

Stem cells are used in tissue engineering, drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and recovery after diseases like COVID.

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21
Q

What is a totipotent stem cell?

A

Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into any specific cell type.

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22
Q

What is the chimera test?

A

The chimera test is used to determine if stem cells from a given sample are totipotent by observing if they can contribute to all organs in a mouse.

23
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells are somatic cells reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state using specific reprogramming factors.

24
Q

What is the significance of the blastocyst stage?

A

The blastocyst is the early stage fertilized egg from which human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived.

25
Q

What is the role of lamin?

A

Lamin is an intermediate filament found in the nucleus that interconnects chromatin to form the nuclear skeleton.

26
Q

What is progeria?

A

Progeria is a disease caused by a defect in the gene coding for Lamin A, leading to rapid aging and deformed nuclei.

27
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

The stages of the cell cycle include G0 (quiescent), G1, S (synthesis), G2, and M (mitosis).

28
Q

What is cell synchrony?

A

Cell synchrony is the process of getting all cells in a culture to be at the same stage of the cell cycle for better understanding of mitosis.

29
Q

Why do cells in a culture not divide in sync?

A

Cells can be at different stages: one at G0, another at S, and another at G1.

30
Q

What is the goal of researchers studying mitosis in cell cultures?

A

To synchronize all cells at the same stage for division.

31
Q

How can researchers stall all cells at G1?

A

By using AA deprivation, serum deprivation, or PS inhibition.

32
Q

How can researchers stall all cells at M?

A

By using microtubule inhibitors.

33
Q

How can researchers stall all cells at S?

A

By using DNA synthesis inhibitors.

34
Q

What happens to synchronized cells after 4-5 cycles?

A

They start to unsynchronize.

35
Q

What is the significance of G1 in cell division?

A

G1 has many variables that can lag some cells behind.

36
Q

What research did Ruderman and Hunt conduct?

A

They studied synchronized sea urchin embryo cell division.

37
Q

Why are red sea urchins important in cancer research?

A

They have an abundance of tumor suppressors.

38
Q

What method was used to track protein synthesis in the study?
Ruderman and Hunt

A

S-35 methionine and SDS gel electrophoresis autoradiography.

39
Q

What proteins were found to cycle in abundance?

A

Cyclins.

40
Q

What is the role of cyclins in cell division?

A

Cyclins activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) which aid in mitosis.

41
Q

What does CDK do when activated by cyclin?

A

It initiates mitosis and phosphorylates proteins for DNA synthesis.

42
Q

What is the function of Cyclin D?

A

Cyclin D binds to CDK to form the CDK4/6 complex and helps regulate mitosis.

43
Q

How does Cyclin D affect cancer?

A

It is less functional in cancer.

44
Q

What is the significance of the G1 checkpoint?

A

It checks if DNA is ready for synthesis and evaluates external factors.

45
Q

What is the Pardee point?

A

A part of the G1 checkpoint that determines if a cell commits to S phase.

46
Q

What occurs during S phase?

A

DNA is unwound and replicated to create sister chromatids.

47
Q

What is the structure of chromosomes during S phase?

A

There are 46 chromosomes but 92 chromatids, forming an X-like structure.

48
Q

What is a replicon?

A

A unit of the cell responsible for S phase replication.

49
Q

What proteins bind to the ORC during DNA replication?

A

Cdc6 and Cdt1 bind to the ORC in a high CDK state.

50
Q

What happens in a low CDK state during DNA replication?

A

Cdc6 and Cdt1 bind MCM helicase to the ORC.

51
Q

What triggers the initiation of S phase?

A

A high CDK state leads to the detachment of ORC and activation of MCM.

52
Q

What occurs during G2 phase?

A

New organelles and proteins are synthesized, and errors during DNA synthesis are checked.

53
Q

What is the role of Maturation promoting factor B (MPFB)?

A

It is an activated CDK that triggers the transition from G2 to M phase.

Bio 311 (2 decks)

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