BIO 302 - Exam 2 - Cancer Prevention PowerPoint Flashcards
All cancer is caused by alteration (mutation) in cellular DNA:
Agents that either cause or promote cancer are called?
Carcinogens that mutate DNA also are called?
Some carcinogens are not mutagenic and do not affect DNA directly:
Hormones and other growth factors may act as ______ through ______, i.e., stimulation of cell division in already-mutated clones.
ALL ______ are ______, but not all ______ are ______.
carcinogens.
mutagens.
carcinogens / promotion.
mutagens.carcinogens.carcinogens.mutagens.
Genetic ______ is an inherited factor but is not the same as an inherited mutation.
Example of genetic ______?
Cancer causation is related to ______ (non-inherited) or ______ (inherited) factors that produce mutation.
An ______ mutation is either non-inherited or inherited.
Mutations occurring during ______ are environmental.
susceptibility.
genetic susceptibility: how efficiently your normal DNA repair enzymes work.
Environmental. Genetic.
initiating.
progression.
Most commonly , cancer-initiating mutations are….
______ mutations are acquired in ______________________.
If caused by external factors in the environment…
If caused by normal innate biological processes…
(1)
(2)
Less commonly, cancer-initiating mutations are ______.
______ mutation is ______ through the germline and present in every cell.
______ cannot be prevented, but ______ can
Initiating causes are still unknown for many cancers.
acquired - NOT inherited.
Initiating. normal somatic stem cells.
they often can be prevented.
mutation is less preventable.
DNA repair/replication error
Toxic substances from inflammatory cells
inherited.
Initiating. inherited.
Initiation. progression
Somatic vs Germ line mutations
Somatic mutations: occur in non-germ line tissues and cannot be inherited.
Germ line mutations: Present in egg and sperm, can be inherited & cause cancer family syndrome.
______ of cancer cases are attributed to?
______ due to?
What are the most common environmental factors that contribute to cancer death in US (proportions may differ worldwide)?
90–95% - environmental factors
5–10% - genetics
Tobacco as a single cause (25–30%)
Diet andobesity as a category (30–35%)
Infections (15–20%)
Radiation (both ionizing and non-ionizing, up to 10%)
Environmental pollutants
What is the relative risk? (Slide 9)
A measure of the risk of a certain event happening in one group compared to the risk of the same event happening in another group.
0.5 - risk 50% lower than average
1.0 - average
1.5 - risk 50% higher than average
10 - 10 times higher than average relative risk
The likelihood of getting getting cancer may be dependent on what three things?
(1) the susceptibility of the individual (e.g., genetic background that might increase the risk of acquiring mutations).
(2) the mode of exposure
(3) the duration and/or degree of exposure
Risk factor:
A risk factor may or may not be a causal factor for cancer
Causal (mutation-causing) risk factor: ____________.
Non-causal (non-mutation causing) risk factor: ______.
Risk factors vary in the degree of risk they impose
Strong risk factors form the bases of significant differences in cancer screening recommendations
a characteristic, condition or behavior that increases the probability of a cancer.
asbestos exposure
age
What are the risk factors that cannot be altered?
Age
Genetics
Gender
Ethnicity
Inherited mutations
Inherited immunodeficiency
Defect in detecting/destroying abnormal, mutated cells
Defect in destroying cancer-causing infectious agents
Family history
Personal history
World region
Risk factors for Cancer that can be treated:
Chronic inflammation
Viral infections
Bacterial infection
Dietary deficiencies
Diabetes
Hormonal status
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND LUNG CANCER: DOSE EFFECT
Cigarettes per day
Age started smoking
Depth of inhalation
What is EVALI?
E-cigarette or Vaping product use-Associated Lung Injury
Severe, sometimes fatal, lung disease
Arises suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals
Causes the lungs to stop functioning altogether
Thousands of cases and dozens of deaths reported
First double-lung transplant in 17-yr-old performed October 2019
T
he exact cause of EVALI is not yet identified but the additive vitamin E acetate is strongly linked to EVALI outbreaks
How does obesity cause cancer?
E
I
A
O
CI
Obesity is associated with substantial metabolic and endocrine abnormalities:
(1) Excess production of estrogen by fat cells
(2) Increased levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor
(3) Fat cell production of adipokines (cytokines) that stimulate cell growth, decrease apoptosis and increase inflammation (Inflammation increases production of mutation-inducing ROS).
(4) Oxidative stress (an imbalance between reactive oxygen species [free radicals] and anti-oxidants) tilts into reactive oxygen species dominating and inability to suppress them is oxidative stress.
(5) Chronic inflammation
Oxidative stress exacerbated by a combination of what 5 things?
H
ETLL
V
IMA
IMF
(1) hyperglycemia
(2) elevated tissue lipid levels
(3) vitamin/mineral deficiencies
(4) increased muscle activity to carry excessive weight
(5) impaired mitochondrial function
Fat cells make ______ and ______ that control numerous body functions and induce ______.
Active cells that are strongly pushing the envelope toward ______, ______, ______.
______ is causing the mutation.
______, ______, ______ are all made by these cells.
estrogen. cytokines. inflammation.
cell proliferation, increase inflammation, decrease apoptosis.
Inflammation.
Initiators, promotors and progressors.
