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Biology 3 > Bio 3 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bio 3 - Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. make observation
  2. formulate a hypothesis
  3. devise a testable prediction
  4. conduct a critical experiment
  5. draw a conclussion and make revisions
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2
Q

Observation

A

objective way to describe a phenomenon

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

proposed expectation - question that can be tested

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4
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

No relationship exists between the two factors being tested

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5
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

A specific relationship exists between the factors

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6
Q

Testable Prediction

A

A situation that will have one outcome if the hypothesis is true but will give a different outcome if it is not true

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7
Q

Elements Common to Most Experiments

A
  1. Treatment - an experimental condition applied to individuals
  2. Experimental group - a group of individuals who are exposed to a treatment
  3. Control group - a group of individuals who are treated the same as the experiment group except they are not given treatment
  4. Variable - characteristics of the system that are subject to change
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8
Q

Independent Variables

A

The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher

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9
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The response that is measured

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10
Q

Blind Experimental Design

A

Subject does not know what treatment (if any) is being given

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11
Q

Double Blind Experimental Design

A

Neither the subject or the experimenter knows what treatment (if any) is being given

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12
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that is supported by repeated tests

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13
Q

Principle

A

A theory supported over a long period of time with a variety of experimental approaches

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14
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit that has characteristic properties of the element

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15
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

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16
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particles (+)

Equal to number of electrons

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17
Q

Neutron

A

Uncharged particles (n or +-)

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18
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Number of protons + Number of neutrons

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19
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons

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20
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles

Equal to number of protons

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21
Q

Ionic bond

A

One atom loses an electron, another gains an electron

Strongest chemical bond

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22
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms share electrons

Second strongest chemical bond

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23
Q

Polar Covalent bond

A

Atoms share electrons unequally

Second weakest chemical bond

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24
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Covalently-bonded hydrogen is attracted to another atom

Weakest chemical bond

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25
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules associated with each other

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26
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules associate with other molecules or surfaces

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27
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Substances that dissolve in water
Polar - Sugars
Ionic - Salts

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28
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances that are insoluble in water

Non-polar - fats, oils, waxes

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29
Q

Dissociate*

A

Ions move away from the rest of the molecule

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30
Q

Hydroxide Ion*

A

Negative and basic

High pH

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31
Q

Hydrogen Ion*

A

Positive and acidic

Low pH

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32
Q

Cell*

A

Smallest unit of life

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33
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Highly adaptive
No nucleus
Simple in organization
Archaea, Bacteria

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34
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Membrane surrounding nucleus
More complex in organization
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

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35
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Boundary surrounding the cell
Controls what goes in and out of cell
All cells have

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36
Q

Genetic material: DNA

A

Located in a membrane-bound nucleus for eukaryotic cells

All cells have

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37
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes, ribosomes (and organelles in eukaryotes)
All cells have

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38
Q

Nucleoid

A

Where genetic material is found

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39
Q

Composition of an Atom

A

Nucleus - center of atom that holds DNA
Proton - positively charged particles
Neutrons - uncharged particles

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40
Q

Macromolecule

A

A large molecule, made up of smaller building blocks or subunits

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41
Q

Macromolecules that provide energy

A

Carbohydrates - Sugars
Lipids - Fatty Acids
Proteins - Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids - Nuleotides

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42
Q

Organic molecule

A

Molecules from living creatures

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43
Q

Acids

A

pH of 6 to 0

0 being most acidic

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44
Q

Basic

A

pH of 8 to 14

14 being most basic

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45
Q

Carbohydrates Functions

A

Sugars

  • Energy source
  • Structural component
  • Cell-cell communication
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46
Q

Lipids Functions

A

Fatty Acids

  • Concentrated energy source
  • Structural components of cell membranes (Phospholipids & Cholesterol)
  • Communication (Steroid hormones)
  • Protects from water (Waxes)
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47
Q

Proteins

A

Amino acids with the following functions

  • structural component of cells
  • control of metabolic reactions: enzymes
  • growth and repair
  • communication (protein hormones & cell receptors)
  • energy source
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48
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

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49
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Removal of water to add monomer units to make a bigger bond

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50
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers

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51
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

2H per internal carbon

  • found in animal products, coconut products
  • usually solid at room temperature
  • increase risk of heart disease
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52
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

A

<2H per internal carbon

  • found in olive oil and avocado
  • one double bond
53
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

A

<2H per internal carbon

- more than one double bond

54
Q

Phospholipids

A

A lipid that is the major component of the plasma membrane; phospholipids are structurally similar to fats, but contain a phosphorus atom and have two, not three, fatty acid chains

55
Q

Primary Structure of Proteins

A

sequence of amino acids in chain

56
Q

Secondary Structure of Proteins

A

Folded structure due to hydrogen bonds between the amino and acid groups of amino acids

57
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A

Three dimensional folded structure due to attractions and repulsions between R groups (can attract and can repel each other)

58
Q

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

A

Association of two or more protein chains

59
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

In a closed system, energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

60
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy conversions result in a loss of useful energy

61
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

The breaking and forming of chemical bonds

Reactants are converted to products

62
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Energy is consumed

63
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Energy is released

64
Q

ATP

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
  • Used for short term energy storage in the bonds of ATP molecules
  • This potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy and used to fuel life-sustaining chemical reactions
    Storage: An energy input from the break down of food attaches ADP to phosphate and energy making ATP
    Release: ATP is broken down into ADP, phosphate, and energy
65
Q

Electron Carriers

A

Donate to chemical reactions in the cell by

66
Q

Coupled Reactions

A

Energy released form an exergonic reaction is used to power an endergonic reaction

67
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction (regardless of whether the reaction releases or consumers energy

68
Q

Active site

A

The part of an enzyme to which reactants (or substrates) bund and undergo a chemical reaction

69
Q

Catalyst

A

Speeds up a reaction without being changed by the reaction

Lowers activation energy for increased reaction

70
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Biological catalysts that are usually mad e of protein
  • All enzymes have specific activation sites for the substrates in the reactions that they catalyze
  • Speed up biological reactions by lowering the activation energy for the reaction
71
Q

Substrate

A

The molecule on which an enzyme acts. The active site on the enzyme binds to the substrate, initiating a chemical reaction; for example, the active site on the enzyme lactase bunds to the substrate lactose, breaking it down into the two simple sugars glucose and galactose

72
Q

Metabolic reactions

A

Chemical reactions of living organisms which are smoothed and made efficient by enzymes

73
Q

Thermal optimum

A

Temperature at which enzyme is most effective

- Once passed, enzyme begins to denature until the point where it irreversibly denatures

74
Q

Product

A

What is released by the active site on an enzyme; produced by the chemical reaction of two substates

75
Q

Temperature affects on enzymes

A

Can speed reaction until a point. Once a certain temperature is reached, enzyme unfolds and is unable to facilitate a chemical reaction. Can only overheat enzyme, cooling will not damage enzyme.

76
Q

pH affects on enzymes

A

Both too high or too low pH will unfold and damage protein

77
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Molecules that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

- Function: energy source, structural component, cell-cell communication

78
Q

Lipids

A
  • Made primarily from atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • Function: concentrated energy source, structural components of cell membrane, communication (steroid), protection from water (waxes)
79
Q

Structures of Carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharides: one sugar unit
  • Disaccharides: two sugar units
  • Polysaccharides: many sugar units
80
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sucrose (table sugar) : glucose + fructose
Lactose (milk sugar) : glucose + galactose
Maltose (seed sugar) : glucose + glucose

81
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Starch (storage in plants)
Glycogen (storage in animals)
Cellulose (plant cell walls, indigestible)
Chitin (exoskeletons of insects, fungal cell wall)

82
Q

Structure of Lipids

A
  • Triglyceride: one glycerol, three fatty acids
  • Saturated: 2H per internal carbon
  • Unsaturated:
    • monounsaturated: one double bond
    • polyunsaturated: more than one double bond
  • Phospholipid: component of cell membranes
  • Steroids: build on carbon rings
83
Q

Structure of Proteins

A
  • Primary Structure
  • Secondary
  • Quaternary
  • Tertiary
84
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A
  • three dimensional folded structure due to attractions and repulsions between R groups
  • can be covalent and hydrogen bonds, ionic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions
85
Q

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

A
  • association of two or more protein chains
86
Q

Secondary Structure of Proteins

A

-coiling by hydrogen bonding between the amino and acid group

87
Q

Primary Structure of Proteins

A
  • sequence of amino acids in chain
88
Q

Proteins Functions

A
  • Structural component of cells, control of metabolic reactions (enzymes), growth and repair, communication, energy source
89
Q

Activators

A

A chemical within a cell that bunds to an enzyme, altering the enzyme’s shape or structure in a way that causes the enzyme to catalyze a reaction

90
Q

Inhibitors

A

A chemical within a cell that binds to an enzyme or substrate molecule and in doing so reduces the enzyme’s ability to catalyze a reaction

91
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

when the product of the reaction inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway

92
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

binds to activation site

93
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

binds to a different site changing the shape of the activation site preventing the substrate from binding

94
Q

Enzyme Concentration

A
  • Increasing Enzyme Concentration will increase the rate of reaction, as more enzymes will be colliding with substrate molecules.
  • However, this too will only have an effect up to a certain concentration, where the Enzyme Concentration is no longer the limiting factor.
95
Q

Substrate Concentration

A
  • Describes the number of substrate molecules in a solution.
  • raises the rate of enzyme activity till it cant be raised anymore
96
Q

Essential features of a cell

A

Plasma membrane, genetic material, and cytoplasm

97
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A complex, thin, two-layered membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of the cell, holding the contents in place and regulating what enters and leaves the cell; also called the cell membrane
- cell to cell recognition

98
Q

Genetic Material

A

DNA; located in a membrane-bound nucleus for eukaryotic cells

99
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes, ribosomes, (and organelles in eukaryotic)

100
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A
  • A cell bound by a plasma membrane enclosing the cell contents (cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes); there is no nucleaus or other organelles
  • Plant cell
101
Q

Prokaryotic cell components

A
  • bacterial flagellum, capsule, cell wall, infolded plasma membrane, nucleoid, pilus, plasma membrane, plasmid, ribosomes
102
Q

Bacterial flagellum in Prokaryotic Cell

A

Allows prokaryotic cell movement

103
Q

Capsule or Slime layer in Prokaryotic Cell

A

Protects prokaryotic cell from drying and protects against white blood cells

104
Q

Infolded Plasma Membranes in Prokaryotic Cell

A

Metabolism and cell division in prokaryotic cells

105
Q

Cell wall in Prokaryotic Cell

A

Supports prokaryotic cell and maintains shape

106
Q

Pilus in Prokaryotic Cell

A

Surface projection used for transfer of genetic material in prokaryotic cell

107
Q

Plasmid in Prokaryotic Cell

A
  • Small circular DNA inside prokaryotic cell
  • Replicates independently
  • Genes for antibiotic resistance
108
Q

Nucleoid in Prokaryotic Cell

A

Cytoplasmic region in prokaryotic cell that contains the genetic material, DNA

109
Q

Ribosomes in Prokaryotic Cell

A

Produce protein in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell

110
Q

Eukaryotic cell components

A

cell wall, centriole, chloroplast, cilia, cytoskeleton, flagella, Golgi complex, lysosome, microtubules, mitochondrion, nucleolus, nucleus, peroxisome, plasma membrane, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole

111
Q

Cell wall in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • Controls cell shape, protects, supports

- Made of carbohydrates

112
Q

Nucleus in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • Carrier of genetic material
  • Governs cell activities
  • Directs cell reproduction
  • Surrounded by membrane: nuclear envelope
  • Contains nucleolus - produces ribosomes
113
Q

Nucleolus in Eukaryotic cell

A

Site of ribosome assembly

114
Q

Ribosomes in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • Site of protein synthesis

- Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to membrane

115
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • Produces proteins

- Prepares proteins for export

116
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Lipid synthesis
  • Drug detoxification
  • Transport of proteins from RER
117
Q

Golgi Complex in Eukaryotic cell

A

Collects, modifies, packages and distributes protein from RER

118
Q

Lysosome in Eukaryotic cell

A

Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles

119
Q

Valcuole in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • Central vacuole (plants) stores waste, maintains turgidity (resists pressure)
  • Contractile vacuole (protists) maintains water balance
  • Food vacuole (protists) fuses with lysosome for digestion
120
Q

Peroxisome in Eukaryotic cell

A

removes harmful oxidants from cell

121
Q

Chloroplast in Eukaryotic cell

A

Photosynthesis: uses light energy to produce organic molecules in plants and protists

122
Q

Mitochondrion in Eukaryotic cell

A

Produces energy by breaking down organic molecules

123
Q

Cytoskeleton in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • Maintains cell shape
  • allows for cell movement
  • anchors organelles and proteins
  • directs transport of materials
124
Q

Cilia and Flagella in Eukaryotic cell

A
  • Cell movement in protists, animal sperm

- Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes

125
Q

Centriole in Eukaryotic cell

A

Gives rise to basal bodies that produce cilia and flagella

126
Q

Microtubules in Eukaryotic cell

A

One of three types of protein fibers that make up the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, providing it with structure and shape. There are the thickest elements in the cytoskeleton; they resemble rigid, hollow tubes, functioning as tracks to which molecules and organelles within the cell may attach and be moved along; also help pull apart chromosomes for cell division

127
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Theory of the origin of eukaryotes that holds that, in the past, two different types of prokaryotes engaged in a close partnership and eventually one, capable of performing photosynthesis, was subsumed into the other, a larger prokaryote. The smaller made some of its photosynthetic energy available to the host and, over time, the two become symbiotic and eventually become a single more complex organism in which the smaller had evolved into the chloroplast of the new organism.

128
Q

Invagination

A

The folding in of a membrane or layer of tissue so that an outer surface becomes an inner surface

129
Q

Cholesterol

A

One of the sterols, a group of lipids important in regulating growth and development; an important component of most cell membranes, helping the membrane maintain its flexibility

Biology 3 (2 decks)

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