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bio 241 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A possible answer to a question

Hypothesis’s cannot be proven because future experiments may reject them

they can be rejected or we can fail to prove them

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2
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

Assumes that the experimental treatment has no effect or no significant difference between the control and experimental group

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3
Q

What is an alternate hypothesis

A

There is a significant difference between control and ecperimental group

When null hypothesis is rejected then alternate hypothesis is considered

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4
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

This is the variable that is manipulated in the experiment

Cause

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5
Q

What is an dependent variable?

A

THe factor that changes because of the indpendent variable

effect

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6
Q

What are controled variables

A

The factors the don’t change between control and experimental treatment

AKA Constants

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7
Q

What is the control treatment

A

Confirms tour experimental setup has no effect on dependent variable

ex, normal reaction occuring without enzyme

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8
Q

What is experimental treatment ?

A

In this treatment the independent variable is manipulated

ex: adding different concentrations of enzyme to reaction

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9
Q

What is the purpose of replication?

A

Repeating a experiment multiple times should give you consistent results to have an accurate conclusion

were results a coincidence?

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10
Q

What is a sample mean

A

Our experiement is limited to a specific normal of organisms so a sample mean is a estimate of the population mean

Average

sum of all treatment divided by number of treatments

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11
Q

How can variability be reduced

A

By increasing sample size and having multiple replicates

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12
Q

What is the standard error of mean

A

Takes in account variability in data in relation to size of group

sum of all (mean-measurement in treatment)^2/ number of treatments( number of treatments-1)

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13
Q

When do we use a line or bar graph?

A

Line graph- Both x and y axis are numerical and continous
Bar graph-when x axis are non numerical (like names) discontinous, and y axis are continous

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13
Q

When do we use a line or bar graph?

A

Line graph- Both x and y axis are numerical and continous
Bar graph-when x axis are non numerical (like names) discontinous, and y axis are continous

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14
Q

How do we calculate total magnification

A

Magnification of objective lens x10

Lens on microsope =Ocular lens has 10x magnification

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15
Q

How to measure a specimen

A

10x objective lens=ocular divisionsx10um
40x objective lens=ocular divisionsx2.5um
100x objective lens=objective lens x1um

ocular divisions is measurment on ruler in microscope

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16
Q

What are enzyme kinetics

A

Study of how fast an enzyme conversts substrates to products

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17
Q

What is enzyme activity

A

The rate or velocity of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme

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18
Q

How can we measure enzyme activity

A

This is measured by adding enzyme and substrate into a test tube and then measuring the increase of the amount of product as the reaction occurs

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19
Q

How can we measure the changing concentration of substrate or product

A

If substrate or product is a pigment we can use a spectophotometer. Otherwise we can add a indicator that will let us calculate absorbance

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20
Q

How does a spectophotmeter work

A

They measure how much light is absorbed by a solution
The higher the concentration of the coloured pigment molecules or indicator in the solution the greater tha absorbance.

We then use a standard curve to measure the concentration of pigment in solution

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21
Q

How to use spectophotometer standard curve to convert absorbance to concentrations

A
  1. Locate point on y axis that corresponds to the measured absorbance
  2. Draw a straight line from the point over the standard curve
  3. Draw straight line down the axis

PIcture in notes

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22
Q

What enzyme was used in the lab?

Lab 1

A

B-galactosidase which is an enzyme used to treat lactose intolerance. It breaks the bonds between galactose and gluose in lactate molecules

We need alot of b-galactosidase to break down milk

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23
Q

Why is a blank used to zero spectophotometer

A

It is used to so that you only calculate pigment in the product and not any other molecules that may have pigment

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24
Q

What substrate do we use in the lab

lab 1

A

We use ONPG which is similar to lactose but it contains glucose and o-nitrophenol. O-nitrophenol has a yellow color so it can be used to calculate enzyme activity

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25
Q

Why do we use Na2CO3

Lab 1

A

To create a more yellow color. When o-nitrophenol reacts woth Na2CO3 it becomes o-nitophenolate which is more yellow
Sodium carbonate also deactivates the enzyme

26
Q

What is the optimal wave length

A

The optimum wavelength should cause maximum absorbance
you should see the greatest difference overtime

27
Q

What is Vmax

A

The maximum rate of reaction for a given enzyme and substrate

28
Q

What is Km

A

Km of a substrate concentration in which reaction proceed at half of it’s maximum rate 1/2 Vmax

29
Q

Michealis mentin plot vs line weaver plot

A

In michaelis menten plot the Vmax is an asymptote so the curve never reaches Vmax So instead we use line weaver plot

30
Q

What is the km and vmax of competitive inhibitor

A

In competitive inhibition vmax is the same since eventually substrate outcompetes inhibitor but km is the sameWhat is the km and vmax of competitive inhibitor

31
Q

What is the km and vmax of non competitive inhibitor

A

In non competitive inhibition vmax is reduced but km remains the same

32
Q

How to calculat vmax on lineweave plot

A

If y=Mx+b
Vmax=1/b

33
Q

How to calculate Km on lineweaver plot

A

If y=Mx+b
Km= M. Vmax

34
Q

How do dilutions work?

A

Dilutions are made by pipetting a volume of an undiluted or stock solution into a volume of solution (dilutent

35
Q

what is the formula for dilutions

A

D= volume of original solution/(volume of original solution+volume of diluent)

36
Q

How do we calculate concentration of diluted sample

A

c1v1=c2v2

37
Q

How to calculate dilution factor

A

Original solution+volume of dilutent

it means total volume of solutiojn

38
Q

What did Robert hill discover?

A

Robert hill discovered de that isolated chloroplast produce oxygen when they are exposed to light and provided an electron acceptor even if CO2 is missing.

This means O2 doesn’t actually come from CO2

39
Q

What is the hill reaction?

A

Reduction of an electron acceptor by electrons and a proton from water

40
Q

What is the role of DCPIP?

A

DCPIP a stronger oxidizing agent then NADP+ and it accepts electrons from ferredoxin

41
Q

What Color is DCPIP?

A

It is blue when oxidized and colourless when reduced so we can measure the rate of electron flow by looking at the loss of colour in DCPIP

42
Q

Why do we cover tube 3 with aluminum foil?

A

It is the dark control so we want no light getting in

43
Q

WHat is the role of DCMU?

A

DCMU is an inhibitor that inhibits photosystem 2 and the light dependent reaction. SO it only inhibits part of photosynthesis.

44
Q

Why do we use a heat sink

A

The lamp provides heat and light to the reaction, but temperature is one of our controls so the water absorbs heat coming from lamp so that light is the only factor effecting treatments

45
Q

What are the results (DCMU)

Lab 6

A

With increased concentrations of DCMU cyclic flow occurs so DCPIP concentrations

46
Q

What are biofuels

A

Alternative sources of energy that are meant to be more sustainable

47
Q

Name one con for use of ethanol ?

A

There is not enough corn production to form a sustainable amount of ethanol. SO ethanol would not be able to replace diesel.
Fertilizers used to grow corn would also cause eutrophication

48
Q

Name one of the pros of use of ethanol production ?

A

Ethanol can be used to replace diesel

49
Q

How is bioethanol produced?

A

It is produced when carbohydrates are fermented by yeasts (glycolysis and then alcohol fermentation)

50
Q

What causes bread to rise?

A

The carbon dioxide formed through alcohol fermentation (performed by yeast) Ethanol is also formed but it evaporates when we bake bread

51
Q

How can we measure rate of ethanol production?

A

Since during fermentation both co2 and ethanol are produced. We can measure ethanol production by measuring co2 produced. They are directly related

52
Q

What role do yeast play?

A

When yeast are provided with a source of carbohydrates it uses it as a source of energy and carbon. For example glucose
Yeast breaks down carbohydrates to release energy that can be used for alchol fermentation.

53
Q

How can carbohydrates other then glucose be used?

A

They can be used after they are broken down to simple sugars. (Rate of reaction will be longer)

cpmplex sugars startches

54
Q

Which plant material was the best for ethanol production ?

A

Sugar beets have the highest sugar content so they produced the most co2(ethanol). Oats contained the most complex carbohydrates so they would need to be broken down so rate of co2 production is slow

55
Q

What is the difference between volume of co2 produced and rate of co2 production?

A

Volume of co2 is the total amount of co2. Rate of co2 produced is the speed of co2 production

56
Q

How can we prepare series dilution

A

Transfer 1 mL of stock to first tube, mix, transfer 1 mL to next, mix, and so on for rest.

57
Q

Keystone species

spe

A

species controls the community structure despite its relatively non proportional population

58
Q

Competitive dominance

A

a species is beter at obttaining or holding space than another. Abe to displace another species

59
Q

Primary producers

A

use energy from the sun to produce their own food (rather than consuming other organisms) Occupy lowest trophic level

60
Q

Trophic level

A

A step on the food chain or food web, Starts from primary produces, then primary consumers and so on

61
Q

How microcosm models aquatic environment

A

Phytoplankton (aquatic photoautotrophs including cyanobacterial algae & eukaryotic algae) + zooplankton in the lower chamber along with the aquatic plants.

Allows us to replicate runoff.

62
Q

How microcosm models terrestrial environment

A

Plants in the upper chamber with soil. Runoff can occur via bottle hole at the bottom.

Air holes for gas exchange in both upper and lower chambers.

Bio lab exam (1 decks)

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