bio 228 exam 2

Question 1

What is the MHC class II molecules loaded with? When does this happen?

Answer 1

Exogenous antigen
After the antigen has been digested into fragments within a phagolysosome

Question 2

What allows cells to interact with cytotoxic T-lymphocytes?

Answer 2

MHC class 1 molecules

Question 3

What occurs in secondary lymphoid structures?

Answer 3

Activation of lymphocytes

Question 4

What is the location at which lymphocytes provide an effector response?

Answer 4

The site of infection

Question 5

What cells survive in positive selection of T-lymphocytes?

Answer 5

The ones that can bind to MHC survive

Question 6

What is negative selection?

Answer 6

The process by which cells are learning self tolerance

Question 7

When do T lymphocytes become naïve and immunocompetent?

Answer 7

As they leave the thymus

Question 8

What is involved in the first signal during helper T lymphocyte activation?

Answer 8

CD4 of the helper T cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen presenting cell

Question 9

When does a T-lymphocyte proliferate to form clones and memory cells?

Answer 9

Upon activation

Question 10

What involves stimulation from IL-4 released by helper T lymphocytes?

Answer 10

B lymphocytes second signal

Question 11

What differentiates into plasma cells?

Answer 11

Most activated B lymphocytes

Question 12

How do cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells?

Answer 12

Increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis

Question 13

Why is it called cell mediated immunity?

Answer 13

Because t lymphocytes work against antigens associated with cells

Question 14

How long do plasma cells last for? Where do they spend their lifetime?

Answer 14

5 days
Lymph nodes

Question 15

What do plasma cells produce?

Answer 15

Produce antibodies against one specific antigen

Question 16

What is an antibody and a protein molecule?

Answer 16

Immunoglobulin

Question 17

What does the variable region attach to?

Answer 17

antigen

Question 18

What is agglutination?

Answer 18

The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross link their antigens

Question 19

What involves marking a target for phagocytosis and is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte?

Answer 19

Opsonization

Question 20

What can trigger the activity of NK cells?

Answer 20

The fc region of the antibody

Question 21

What are the five classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

Answer 21

Ig G
IgE
IgM
IgA
IgD

Question 22

Why is IgE formed?

Answer 22

Parasitic infections and allergies

Question 23

What immunoglobulin is found in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus?

Answer 23

IgA

Question 24

What stimulates the development of immunologic memory?

Answer 24

Vaccines

Question 25

How do antibody levels differ with primary response and secondary response?

Answer 25

Antibody levels in secondary response will rise more rapidly and greater proportion of IgG antibodies

Question 26

What type of immunity is the result of vaccination?

Answer 26

Active

Question 27

How is immunity transferred from mother to child?

Answer 27

Through the placenta or through breastmilk it is passive

Question 28

What immunity requires direct encounter with the antigen?

Answer 28

Active immunity

Question 29

What immunity lasts from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells?

Answer 29

Passive

Question 30

What is the helper T lymphocytes function?

Answer 30

Initiate and oversee the immune response

Question 31

When are cytokines released in immune responses?

Answer 31

Once a helper t lymphocyte recognizes an antigen

Question 32

What is a part of the immune response process?

Answer 32

Production of antibodies Formation of memory cells Direct attack and destruction of foreign agents

Question 33

What do Natural killer cells respond to?

Answer 33

Multiple antigens

Question 34

What do plasma cells produce and secrete?

Answer 34

Antibodies

Question 35

What cells does HIV target?

Answer 35

Helper t lymphocytes

Question 36

What is the goal of the immune response?

Answer 36

Destruction of pathogens and foreign material

Question 37

What is the goal of an inflammatory response?

Answer 37

Preventing the spread of infection

Question 38

What does the activation of a CD4+ cell require?

Answer 38

Require an APC to present antigen with the MHC class II molecule

Question 39

What type of immunity is a snake bite and an individual receiving antibodies against the venom?

Answer 39

Passive immunity

Question 40

What do regulatory T-lymphocytes bind to during negative selection?

Answer 40

Bind moderately to self antigens

Question 41

When individuals are more likely to develop an autoimmune disorder, what are they deficient in?

Answer 41

Regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 42

What acts on the hypothalamus and releases PGE2?

Answer 42

pyrogens

Question 43

What does fever do to bacteria? What does it do to CAMs on the endothelium of capillaries of lymph nodes?

Answer 43

Inhibits Increase

Question 44

What are something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to?

Answer 44

antigen

Question 45

What are known as CD4+ cells?

Answer 45

Helper t lymphocytes

Question 46

What do T lymphocytes have?

Answer 46

Coreceptors that assists in the interaction of the lymphocyte with a cell presenting antigen

Question 47

What are the different antigen presenting cells?

Answer 47

Dendritic cells Bells Macrophages

Question 48

What type of cells are antigen-presenting cells? Who do they display antigens to?

Answer 48

Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen on the surface of a cell so that a T lymphocyte can be exposed to it Antigen presenting cells are immune cells They display antigens to both helper and cytotoxic t lymphocytes

Question 49

What are glycoproteins that are synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum called?

Answer 49

MHC class I molecules