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bio 228 > bio 228 exam 2 > Flashcards

bio 228 exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the MHC class II molecules loaded with? When does this happen?

A

Exogenous antigen
After the antigen has been digested into fragments within a phagolysosome

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2
Q

What allows cells to interact with cytotoxic T-lymphocytes?

A

MHC class 1 molecules

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3
Q

What occurs in secondary lymphoid structures?

A

Activation of lymphocytes

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4
Q

What is the location at which lymphocytes provide an effector response?

A

The site of infection

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5
Q

What cells survive in positive selection of T-lymphocytes?

A

The ones that can bind to MHC survive

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6
Q

What is negative selection?

A

The process by which cells are learning self tolerance

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7
Q

When do T lymphocytes become naïve and immunocompetent?

A

As they leave the thymus

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8
Q

What is involved in the first signal during helper T lymphocyte activation?

A

CD4 of the helper T cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen presenting cell

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9
Q

When does a T-lymphocyte proliferate to form clones and memory cells?

A

Upon activation

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10
Q

What involves stimulation from IL-4 released by helper T lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes second signal

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11
Q

What differentiates into plasma cells?

A

Most activated B lymphocytes

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12
Q

How do cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells?

A

Increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis

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13
Q

Why is it called cell mediated immunity?

A

Because t lymphocytes work against antigens associated with cells

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14
Q

How long do plasma cells last for? Where do they spend their lifetime?

A

5 days
Lymph nodes

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15
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Produce antibodies against one specific antigen

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16
Q

What is an antibody and a protein molecule?

A

Immunoglobulin

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17
Q

What does the variable region attach to?

A

antigen

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18
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross link their antigens

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19
Q

What involves marking a target for phagocytosis and is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte?

A

Opsonization

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20
Q

What can trigger the activity of NK cells?

A

The fc region of the antibody

21
Q

What are the five classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

A

Ig G
IgE
IgM
IgA
IgD

22
Q

Why is IgE formed?

A

Parasitic infections and allergies

23
Q

What immunoglobulin is found in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus?

A

IgA

24
Q

What stimulates the development of immunologic memory?

A

Vaccines

25
Q

How do antibody levels differ with primary response and secondary response?

A

Antibody levels in secondary response will rise more rapidly and greater proportion of IgG antibodies

26
Q

What type of immunity is the result of vaccination?

A

Active

27
Q

How is immunity transferred from mother to child?

A

Through the placenta or through breastmilk it is passive

28
Q

What immunity requires direct encounter with the antigen?

A

Active immunity

29
Q

What immunity lasts from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells?

A

Passive

30
Q

What is the helper T lymphocytes function?

A

Initiate and oversee the immune response

31
Q

When are cytokines released in immune responses?

A

Once a helper t lymphocyte recognizes an antigen

32
Q

What is a part of the immune response process?

A

Production of antibodies
Formation of memory cells
Direct attack and destruction of foreign agents

33
Q

What do Natural killer cells respond to?

A

Multiple antigens

34
Q

What do plasma cells produce and secrete?

A

Antibodies

35
Q

What cells does HIV target?

A

Helper t lymphocytes

36
Q

What is the goal of the immune response?

A

Destruction of pathogens and foreign material

37
Q

What is the goal of an inflammatory response?

A

Preventing the spread of infection

38
Q

What does the activation of a CD4+ cell require?

A

Require an APC to present antigen with the MHC class II molecule

39
Q

What type of immunity is a snake bite and an individual receiving antibodies against the venom?

A

Passive immunity

40
Q

What do regulatory T-lymphocytes bind to during negative selection?

A

Bind moderately to self antigens

41
Q

When individuals are more likely to develop an autoimmune disorder, what are they deficient in?

A

Regulatory T lymphocytes

42
Q

What acts on the hypothalamus and releases PGE2?

A

pyrogens

43
Q

What does fever do to bacteria? What does it do to CAMs on the endothelium of capillaries of lymph nodes?

A

Inhibits
Increase

44
Q

What are something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to?

A

antigen

45
Q

What are known as CD4+ cells?

A

Helper t lymphocytes

46
Q

What do T lymphocytes have?

A

Coreceptors that assists in the interaction of the lymphocyte with a cell presenting antigen

47
Q

What are the different antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells
Bells
Macrophages

48
Q

What type of cells are antigen-presenting cells? Who do they display antigens to?

A

Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen on the surface of a cell so that a T lymphocyte can be exposed to it
Antigen presenting cells are immune cells
They display antigens to both helper and cytotoxic t lymphocytes

49
Q

What are glycoproteins that are synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum called?

A

MHC class I molecules

bio 228 (1 decks)

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