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BIO 225 Exam 2 > BIO 225 Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO 225 Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Our cells are how big?

A

10-100 micrometers

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1
Q

Which cells are larger, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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2
Q

Bacteria cells are how big?

A

1-10 micrometers

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3
Q

The size of viruses are measured in what unit of measure?

A

Nanometers

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4
Q

One micrometer equals what?

A

1 millimeter/1000

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5
Q

How many nanometers are in one micrometer?

A

1000

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6
Q

What shape is the Ebola virus?

A

Shepherds crook

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7
Q

How far can you magnify a specimen on a light microscope?

A

2000x

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8
Q

The limitation of a light microscope?

A

Properties of light, light doesn’t allow for clear image past 200x

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9
Q

What does the “compound” mean on a bright field microscope?

A

Compound means multiple objectives

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10
Q

What are 3 characteristics of bright field microscopes?

A

They are most common.
They are the least expensive.
The field of view is light, specimen is darker.

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11
Q

What does bright field microscope require?

A

Staining of specimens

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12
Q

Does staining organisms to view on a microscope kill them?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What does oil immersion mean?

A

Drop of oil, without it light is lost and refracted

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14
Q

What does the drop of oil do in oil immersion?

A

Causes light to go up through the microscope so you can see specimen better.

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15
Q

What is the advantage of a dark field microscope?

A

You can view live bacteria.
You don’t have to stain and kill them.
Allows you to view movement

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16
Q

What is treponema pallidum?

A

Syphilis

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17
Q

How does treponema pallidum look on bright field vs darkfield microscope?

A

Hard to see even with staining on bright field, they shine on darkfield

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18
Q

What does fluorescence microscope use?

A

UV light

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19
Q

What do you stain specimens with to use on fluorescence microscope?

A

Flurochrome

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20
Q

How does flurochrome work?

A

Can’t see UV light, UV light hits flurochrome and it causes specimen to show up a color

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21
Q

What is problem with fluorescence microscopes and flurochrome?

A

Expensive

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22
Q

When are fluorescence microscopes handy?

A

Clinical settings; allows for viewing in messy settings. For example a stool sample

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23
Q

What does a confocal microscope use?

A

Laser beams

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24
Q

How does a confocal microscope work?

A

Beams shoot through section of specimen using flurochromes, computer maps out coordinates to create a 3D image of pathogen

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25
Q

What is problem with confocal microscope?

A

More expensive than others.

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26
Q

What do electron microscopes do?

A

Shoots beam of electrons and when they hit specimen they bounce off and hit a screen

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27
Q

What is magnification of TEM?

A

10,000 up to 500,000 X

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28
Q

What can you view with TEM?

A

View sections of organisms, can see inside viruses and cells.

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29
Q

What is the magnification of SEM?

A

1,000-10,000 X

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30
Q

What can you see with SEM?

A

3D images of specimen on the outside

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31
Q

What is problem with electron microscopes?

A

Beware of artifacts, Staining techniques require expertise and $$, Dehydration and vacuum can cause distortion of specimen, more expensive than light, have to be placed in special locations so electrons don’t bounce around

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32
Q

When are scanned probe microscopes used?

A

Research

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33
Q

What do scanned probe microscopes all you to see?

A

On atomic level, can see molecules

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34
Q

What is problem with scanned probe microscopes?

A

Very expensive

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35
Q

Are basic stains positive or negative?

A

Positive

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36
Q

What are all stains we use in lab?

A

Basic

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37
Q

What stains are most common?

A

Basic

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38
Q

What charge do acidic stains have?

A

Negative

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39
Q

What does Eosin stain?

A

Used to stain blood, esosinophils

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40
Q

Which group contains very few stains?

A

Acidic

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41
Q

What charge do neutral stains carry?

A

No charge

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42
Q

What do neutral stains stain?

A

Background

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43
Q

Which stain is neutral?

A

India Ink

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44
Q

What is a simple stain? What is an example?

A

Stain, wipe off excess and look at it, example is cheek cells

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45
Q

Who invented Gram staining?

A

Christian Gram

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46
Q

What is step one of gram staining?

A

Application of Crystal violet.

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47
Q

What is step two of gram staining?

A

Application of iodine

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48
Q

What is step three of gram staining?

A

Decolorizer (alcohol wash)

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49
Q

What is step four of gram staining?

A

Application of safranin (counter stain)

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50
Q

What does mordant do in gram staining?

A

Means helper, makes Crystal violet molecules bigger to prevent washing away

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51
Q

Which bacteria lose color in decolorizing step in gram staining?

A

Gram negative because of thin walls

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52
Q

Gram positive bacteria are what color?

A

Purple

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53
Q

Gram negative bacteria are what

Color?

A

Red

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54
Q

What kind of cell walls to gram positive bacteria have? How many layers?

A

Thick cell walls, up to 40 layers

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55
Q

What kind of cell walls to gram negative cells have?

A

Thin cell walls, 1-2 layers

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56
Q

What does mycobacterium make that resists staining?

A

Mycolic acid (wax)

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57
Q

What does spp. Mean?

A

More than one bacteria

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58
Q

When is acid fast staining done?

A

When specific bacteria is suspected based on symptoms

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59
Q

Which stain is used first in acid fast staining?

A

Carbol fuschin

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60
Q

Which stain is the counter stain in acid fast staining?

A

Methylene blue

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61
Q

What do special stains allow us to see?

A

To see capsules, simple stain to see pathogen and negative stain to see capsules.

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62
Q

Which bacteria is part of normal flora but can become pathogenic if capsules develop?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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63
Q

Why are capsules useful to bacterial cells?

A

White blood cells won’t recognize bacterial cells if they are in capsule, trigger turns bacteria pathogenic

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64
Q

Some bacterial cells make endoscopes, each bacterial cell makes how many endospores?

A

1 cell makes 1 endospore

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65
Q

Are the production of endospores reproductive?

A

No, cell puts everything important inside sporecoat, when endospore is ready, the rest of the cell drops away.

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66
Q

Are endospore a smaller than cells?

A

Yes because they only contain important info.

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67
Q

What do you have to use to see flagella?

A

Mordant to build up coating to make them thicker so staining will allow you to see them

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68
Q

Why is it important to know about cell structures?

A

To keep them living or kill them if you want to

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69
Q

Eukaryotic cells consist of one or more complex cells containing organelles, true or false?

A

True

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70
Q

What are the 4 categories of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists

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71
Q

Who does not have cell walls?

A

Animal cells

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72
Q

Who has cell walls?

A

Plants
Protists
Fungi

73
Q

What does every single cell have?

A

Plasma membrane

74
Q

What are plasma membranes made of?

A

Phospholipids that are selectively permeable to proteins, they act as windows and doors and serve as a barrier.

75
Q

What 2 things do phospholipids act as?

A

Windows and doors

Serve as a barrier

76
Q

What is used topically that targets plasma membranes?

A

Polymyxin B

77
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes that contain genetic info.

78
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

23 pairs

79
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Folded membranes, factories where many cellular molecules are made

80
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum make?

A

Proteins

81
Q

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum make?

A

Stacks of membranes from nucleus out into cytoplasm where many cellular molecules are made

82
Q

When B cells start making antibodies what is the cell called?

A

Plasma cell

83
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

We see the vesicles, packages and shops the endoplasmic reticulum molecules and ships them out to body

84
Q

What are lysosomes important in?

A

Defense

85
Q

What is first step in defense with macrophages?

A

Macrophages engulf pathogen, lysosomes line up releases digestive enzymes that kill and digest pathogen

86
Q

What is second step in defense with macrophage?

A

Macrophages take some bits of pathogen and put it in its own cell like “wanted” posters so other cells can identify pathogens.

87
Q

If macrophages engulfs TB (mycobacterium) bacteria what happens?

A

Mycobacterium sends out chemical messages to tell lysosomes to back off, they hitch a ride through the body, body recognizes and walls off with scar tissue and calcium deposits. These are what docs look for on xray.

88
Q

What does the s stand for after 80s ribosomes?

A

The s is the measure of size and shape.

89
Q

Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are called what?

A

80s

90
Q

What is the size and shape of mitochondria?

A

70s

91
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

RNA and proteins

They have no membranes and are the site of protein synthesis

92
Q

What is size and shape of mitochondrial DNA?

A

70s

93
Q

What does mitochondria make?

A

ATP

94
Q

Does mitochondria have it’s own DNA?

A

Yes

95
Q

What shape is mitochondrial DNA?

A

Circular

96
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Site of protein synthesis

97
Q

What did chloroplasts evolve from?

A

Evolved from photosynthetic bacteria

98
Q

Cytoplasm is made up of what? %?

A

Water, 75%

99
Q

Why is cytoplasm made mostly of water?

A

To absorb heat

100
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

Scaffolding of cell which holds it into shape and attaches this cell to another

101
Q

What happens in rounding of cells?

A

Skin cell—UV light causes cytoskeleton to detach which allows cell to become round and can then travel and metastasize

102
Q

What are 2 functions of cytoskeleton?

A
  • maintain shape

- act like highway system to transport organelles and cell parts

103
Q

How do flagella help cells move?

A

Complex, whip-like motion

104
Q

Eukaryotic flagella are complex and make complex movements, t or f?

A

True

105
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hairlike appendages that beat back and forth

106
Q

What is nucleus called in prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid

107
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

Region where DNA found in prokaryotic cells, has no shape

108
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extra pieces of DNA prokaryotic cells don’t need to survive but code for new traits such as antibiotic resistance or production of toxins

109
Q

How are plasmids passed to another cell?

A

By way of sex pulis

110
Q

What 3 things can plasmids code for?

A

New food sources

Toxin production

Antibiotic resistance

111
Q

What is sex pilius made of?

A

Protein pilin

112
Q

Sharing of plasmids is called what?

A

Conjugation

113
Q

Is conjugation a fast or slow process?

A

Fast

114
Q

What is the small subunit of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A

30s

115
Q

What is large subunit of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A

50s

116
Q

What is a target for antibiotics in prokaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria

117
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Hairlike extensions from cell made if pilin

118
Q

What are fimbriae important for?

A

Attachment

119
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae infect where?

A

Urogential tract by attaching to tissues

120
Q

Where are bacterial flagellum anchored?

A

Plasma membrane

121
Q

What is another name for bacterial flagellum?

A

H antigen

122
Q

What is flagellum made of?

A

Flagellin protein

123
Q

How does a bacterial flagellum move the cell?

A

Like a corkscrew

124
Q

In what direction will bacterial flagellum cause a cell to swim?

A

Straight ahead only

125
Q

How does a cell with a flagellum get where it wants to go?

A

By length of runs (tumble and runs)

126
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Anything foreign that causes immune response

127
Q

What does E. Coli 0157:H7 cause?

A

Pathogenic e. Coli that causes bloody diarrhea.

128
Q

What can E. Coli make?

A

Vitamin K

129
Q

What does taxis mean?

A

Movement

130
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement in response to chemicals

131
Q

What is photo taxis?

A

Movement in response to light.

132
Q

What is aerotaxis?

A

Movement in response to oxygen

133
Q

What is Magnetotaxis?

A

Movement in response to earth’s magnetic field

134
Q

What arrangement of flagella is monotrichous?

A

One flagellum per cell

135
Q

What is arrangement of flagella is peritrichous?

A

Covering cell, flagella gold back on hinges in one direction to help swim

136
Q

What is an endoflagella?

A

Flagella wrapped around the cell and covered with sheath

137
Q

What kind of flagella is found on spirochetes?

A

Spiral shaped, 2 flagella wrapped around cell and movement looks like a corkscrew

138
Q

What does the cell envelope include?

A

What covers the cell walls, includes plasma membrane

139
Q

Plasma membrane is the same in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, t or f?

A

True

140
Q

What are cells walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

141
Q

What are 3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes?

A

Aerobic respiration-happens in mitochondria in eukaryotic

Photosynthesis

Enzymes for cell walls

Attachment of chromosome during cell division

Receptor sites

142
Q

What does a bacterial chromosome have to do before it divides?

A

Attach

143
Q

Where does aerobic respiration happen in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria

144
Q

What does the word peptidoglycan mean?

A

Pepti-short protein

Glycan-sugar chains

145
Q

What are peptidoglycan sugar chains connected by?

A

Amino acids

146
Q

What are 3 functions of peptidoglycans?

A

Strength
Support
Shape

147
Q

What does penicillin prevent bacterial cells from forming?

A

Cross bridges

148
Q

When will penicillin prevent new cross bridges from forming?

A

Only when bacterial cell is actively forming cross bridges

149
Q

When won’t penicillin break the bond of cross bridges?

A

Cross bridges already formed

150
Q

What does a lysozyme break?

A

Bonds between sugars in peptidoglycans

151
Q

Where are lysozymes located?

A

In every liquid that comes out of us.

152
Q

What bacteria never makes peptidoglycans?

A

Mycoplasmas

153
Q

What was the first enzyme named?

A

Lysozyme

154
Q

If gram positive bacteria layers of peptidoglycan are destroyed what other protection does cell have?

A

None

155
Q

All bacteria have peptidoglycans except which forms?

A

L

156
Q

What are L form bacteria?

A

Bacteria that have lost cell walls

157
Q

What do mycoplasmas have?

A

No cell walls, only plasma membrane

158
Q

What bacteria causes walking pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

159
Q

What are the two problems with mycoplasma bacteria?

A

Trouble identifying because they won’t stain properly

Treatment is difficult because they have no peptidoglycans

160
Q

What is the tiniest bacteria found on planet?

A

Mycoplasmas

161
Q

What extra thing do gram negative bacteria have?

A

Weak layer of peptidoglycan and extra outer membrane

162
Q

What does extra outer membrane do for gram negative bacteria?

A

Creates extra layer of security and can stop antibiotics from getting to peptidoglycan

163
Q

What does LPS stand for?

A

Lipo
Poly
Saccharides

164
Q

Where are LPS located?

A

Embedded in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

165
Q

What does lipid A cause if it’s released from gram negative bacteria?

A

Septic shock

166
Q

When will lipid A be released?

A

When bacterial cells die

167
Q

Is lipid A part of cell?

A

Yes

168
Q

What can happen if gram negative bacteria are killed to quickly?

A

Lipid A released and it’s toxic to humans do septic shock occurs

169
Q

How many suspected cases of septic shock are there in a year?

A

750,000

170
Q

How many deaths occur annually from septic shock?

A

250,000

171
Q

What 3 types of enzymes could be I. Periplasmic space?

A

Binding enzymes

Degrading enzymes

Detoxifying enzymes

172
Q

What are binding enzymes?

A

To bind glucose molecules

173
Q

What are degrading enzymes?

A

To degrade macromolecules

174
Q

What will detoxifying enzymes breakdown?

A

Beta lactamase breaks down penicillin

175
Q

What is sporulation?

A

One cell makes one spore

176
Q

What is germination?

A

One spore makes one cell

177
Q

What is the reason we must autoclave to sterilize things?

A

Endospores

178
Q

What are capsules also called?

A

Glycocalyx or slime layer

179
Q

What are 4 functions of capsules?

A

Attachment (plaque)
Movement (they glide)
Evasion of immune system
Protection against dehydration

180
Q

What is biofilm?

A

Production of capsule material plus different bacteria

BIO 225 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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