BIO 225 Exam 2 Flashcards
0
Q
Our cells are how big?
A
10-100 micrometers
1
Q
Which cells are larger, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
A
Eukaryotic
2
Q
Bacteria cells are how big?
A
1-10 micrometers
3
Q
The size of viruses are measured in what unit of measure?
A
Nanometers
4
Q
One micrometer equals what?
A
1 millimeter/1000
5
Q
How many nanometers are in one micrometer?
A
1000
6
Q
What shape is the Ebola virus?
A
Shepherds crook
7
Q
How far can you magnify a specimen on a light microscope?
A
2000x
8
Q
The limitation of a light microscope?
A
Properties of light, light doesn’t allow for clear image past 200x
9
Q
What does the “compound” mean on a bright field microscope?
A
Compound means multiple objectives
10
Q
What are 3 characteristics of bright field microscopes?
A
They are most common.
They are the least expensive.
The field of view is light, specimen is darker.
11
Q
What does bright field microscope require?
A
Staining of specimens
12
Q
Does staining organisms to view on a microscope kill them?
A
Yes
13
Q
What does oil immersion mean?
A
Drop of oil, without it light is lost and refracted
14
Q
What does the drop of oil do in oil immersion?
A
Causes light to go up through the microscope so you can see specimen better.
15
Q
What is the advantage of a dark field microscope?
A
You can view live bacteria.
You don’t have to stain and kill them.
Allows you to view movement
16
Q
What is treponema pallidum?
A
Syphilis
17
Q
How does treponema pallidum look on bright field vs darkfield microscope?
A
Hard to see even with staining on bright field, they shine on darkfield
18
Q
What does fluorescence microscope use?
A
UV light
19
Q
What do you stain specimens with to use on fluorescence microscope?
A
Flurochrome
20
Q
How does flurochrome work?
A
Can’t see UV light, UV light hits flurochrome and it causes specimen to show up a color
21
Q
What is problem with fluorescence microscopes and flurochrome?
A
Expensive
22
Q
When are fluorescence microscopes handy?
A
Clinical settings; allows for viewing in messy settings. For example a stool sample
23
Q
What does a confocal microscope use?
A
Laser beams
24
How does a confocal microscope work?
Beams shoot through section of specimen using flurochromes, computer maps out coordinates to create a 3D image of pathogen
25
What is problem with confocal microscope?
More expensive than others.
26
What do electron microscopes do?
Shoots beam of electrons and when they hit specimen they bounce off and hit a screen
27
What is magnification of TEM?
10,000 up to 500,000 X
28
What can you view with TEM?
View sections of organisms, can see inside viruses and cells.
29
What is the magnification of SEM?
1,000-10,000 X
30
What can you see with SEM?
3D images of specimen on the outside
31
What is problem with electron microscopes?
Beware of artifacts, Staining techniques require expertise and $$, Dehydration and vacuum can cause distortion of specimen, more expensive than light, have to be placed in special locations so electrons don't bounce around
32
When are scanned probe microscopes used?
Research
33
What do scanned probe microscopes all you to see?
On atomic level, can see molecules
34
What is problem with scanned probe microscopes?
Very expensive
35
Are basic stains positive or negative?
Positive
36
What are all stains we use in lab?
Basic
37
What stains are most common?
Basic
38
What charge do acidic stains have?
Negative
39
What does Eosin stain?
Used to stain blood, esosinophils
40
Which group contains very few stains?
Acidic
41
What charge do neutral stains carry?
No charge
42
What do neutral stains stain?
Background
43
Which stain is neutral?
India Ink
44
What is a simple stain? What is an example?
Stain, wipe off excess and look at it, example is cheek cells
45
Who invented Gram staining?
Christian Gram
46
What is step one of gram staining?
Application of Crystal violet.
47
What is step two of gram staining?
Application of iodine
48
What is step three of gram staining?
Decolorizer (alcohol wash)
49
What is step four of gram staining?
Application of safranin (counter stain)
50
What does mordant do in gram staining?
Means helper, makes Crystal violet molecules bigger to prevent washing away
51
Which bacteria lose color in decolorizing step in gram staining?
Gram negative because of thin walls
52
Gram positive bacteria are what color?
Purple
53
Gram negative bacteria are what
| Color?
Red
54
What kind of cell walls to gram positive bacteria have? How many layers?
Thick cell walls, up to 40 layers
55
What kind of cell walls to gram negative cells have?
Thin cell walls, 1-2 layers
56
What does mycobacterium make that resists staining?
Mycolic acid (wax)
57
What does spp. Mean?
More than one bacteria
58
When is acid fast staining done?
When specific bacteria is suspected based on symptoms
59
Which stain is used first in acid fast staining?
Carbol fuschin
60
Which stain is the counter stain in acid fast staining?
Methylene blue
61
What do special stains allow us to see?
To see capsules, simple stain to see pathogen and negative stain to see capsules.
62
Which bacteria is part of normal flora but can become pathogenic if capsules develop?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
63
Why are capsules useful to bacterial cells?
White blood cells won't recognize bacterial cells if they are in capsule, trigger turns bacteria pathogenic
64
Some bacterial cells make endoscopes, each bacterial cell makes how many endospores?
1 cell makes 1 endospore
65
Are the production of endospores reproductive?
No, cell puts everything important inside sporecoat, when endospore is ready, the rest of the cell drops away.
66
Are endospore a smaller than cells?
Yes because they only contain important info.
67
What do you have to use to see flagella?
Mordant to build up coating to make them thicker so staining will allow you to see them
68
Why is it important to know about cell structures?
To keep them living or kill them if you want to
69
Eukaryotic cells consist of one or more complex cells containing organelles, true or false?
True
70
What are the 4 categories of eukaryotic cells?
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
71
Who does not have cell walls?
Animal cells
72
Who has cell walls?
Plants
Protists
Fungi
73
What does every single cell have?
Plasma membrane
74
What are plasma membranes made of?
Phospholipids that are selectively permeable to proteins, they act as windows and doors and serve as a barrier.
75
What 2 things do phospholipids act as?
Windows and doors
| Serve as a barrier
76
What is used topically that targets plasma membranes?
Polymyxin B
77
What does the nucleus contain?
Chromosomes that contain genetic info.
78
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
| 23 pairs
79
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Folded membranes, factories where many cellular molecules are made
80
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum make?
Proteins
81
What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum make?
Stacks of membranes from nucleus out into cytoplasm where many cellular molecules are made
82
When B cells start making antibodies what is the cell called?
Plasma cell
83
What is the Golgi apparatus?
We see the vesicles, packages and shops the endoplasmic reticulum molecules and ships them out to body
84
What are lysosomes important in?
Defense
85
What is first step in defense with macrophages?
Macrophages engulf pathogen, lysosomes line up releases digestive enzymes that kill and digest pathogen
86
What is second step in defense with macrophage?
Macrophages take some bits of pathogen and put it in its own cell like "wanted" posters so other cells can identify pathogens.
87
If macrophages engulfs TB (mycobacterium) bacteria what happens?
Mycobacterium sends out chemical messages to tell lysosomes to back off, they hitch a ride through the body, body recognizes and walls off with scar tissue and calcium deposits. These are what docs look for on xray.
88
What does the s stand for after 80s ribosomes?
The s is the measure of size and shape.
89
Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are called what?
80s
90
What is the size and shape of mitochondria?
70s
91
What are ribosomes made of?
RNA and proteins
| They have no membranes and are the site of protein synthesis
92
What is size and shape of mitochondrial DNA?
70s
93
What does mitochondria make?
ATP
94
Does mitochondria have it's own DNA?
Yes
95
What shape is mitochondrial DNA?
Circular
96
What are chloroplasts?
Site of protein synthesis
97
What did chloroplasts evolve from?
Evolved from photosynthetic bacteria
98
Cytoplasm is made up of what? %?
Water, 75%
99
Why is cytoplasm made mostly of water?
To absorb heat
100
What is cytoskeleton?
Scaffolding of cell which holds it into shape and attaches this cell to another
101
What happens in rounding of cells?
Skin cell---UV light causes cytoskeleton to detach which allows cell to become round and can then travel and metastasize
102
What are 2 functions of cytoskeleton?
- maintain shape
| - act like highway system to transport organelles and cell parts
103
How do flagella help cells move?
Complex, whip-like motion
104
Eukaryotic flagella are complex and make complex movements, t or f?
True
105
What are cilia?
Hairlike appendages that beat back and forth
106
What is nucleus called in prokaryotic cells?
Nucleoid
107
What is a nucleoid?
Region where DNA found in prokaryotic cells, has no shape
108
What are plasmids?
Extra pieces of DNA prokaryotic cells don't need to survive but code for new traits such as antibiotic resistance or production of toxins
109
How are plasmids passed to another cell?
By way of sex pulis
110
What 3 things can plasmids code for?
New food sources
Toxin production
Antibiotic resistance
111
What is sex pilius made of?
Protein pilin
112
Sharing of plasmids is called what?
Conjugation
113
Is conjugation a fast or slow process?
Fast
114
What is the small subunit of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
30s
115
What is large subunit of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
50s
116
What is a target for antibiotics in prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
117
What are fimbriae?
Hairlike extensions from cell made if pilin
118
What are fimbriae important for?
Attachment
119
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infect where?
Urogential tract by attaching to tissues
120
Where are bacterial flagellum anchored?
Plasma membrane
121
What is another name for bacterial flagellum?
H antigen
122
What is flagellum made of?
Flagellin protein
123
How does a bacterial flagellum move the cell?
Like a corkscrew
124
In what direction will bacterial flagellum cause a cell to swim?
Straight ahead only
125
How does a cell with a flagellum get where it wants to go?
By length of runs (tumble and runs)
126
What is an antigen?
Anything foreign that causes immune response
127
What does E. Coli 0157:H7 cause?
Pathogenic e. Coli that causes bloody diarrhea.
128
What can E. Coli make?
Vitamin K
129
What does taxis mean?
Movement
130
What is chemotaxis?
Movement in response to chemicals
131
What is photo taxis?
Movement in response to light.
132
What is aerotaxis?
Movement in response to oxygen
133
What is Magnetotaxis?
Movement in response to earth's magnetic field
134
What arrangement of flagella is monotrichous?
One flagellum per cell
135
What is arrangement of flagella is peritrichous?
Covering cell, flagella gold back on hinges in one direction to help swim
136
What is an endoflagella?
Flagella wrapped around the cell and covered with sheath
137
What kind of flagella is found on spirochetes?
Spiral shaped, 2 flagella wrapped around cell and movement looks like a corkscrew
138
What does the cell envelope include?
What covers the cell walls, includes plasma membrane
139
Plasma membrane is the same in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, t or f?
True
140
What are cells walls made of?
Peptidoglycan
141
What are 3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes?
Aerobic respiration-happens in mitochondria in eukaryotic
Photosynthesis
Enzymes for cell walls
Attachment of chromosome during cell division
Receptor sites
142
What does a bacterial chromosome have to do before it divides?
Attach
143
Where does aerobic respiration happen in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
144
What does the word peptidoglycan mean?
Pepti-short protein
Glycan-sugar chains
145
What are peptidoglycan sugar chains connected by?
Amino acids
146
What are 3 functions of peptidoglycans?
Strength
Support
Shape
147
What does penicillin prevent bacterial cells from forming?
Cross bridges
148
When will penicillin prevent new cross bridges from forming?
Only when bacterial cell is actively forming cross bridges
149
When won't penicillin break the bond of cross bridges?
Cross bridges already formed
150
What does a lysozyme break?
Bonds between sugars in peptidoglycans
151
Where are lysozymes located?
In every liquid that comes out of us.
152
What bacteria never makes peptidoglycans?
Mycoplasmas
153
What was the first enzyme named?
Lysozyme
154
If gram positive bacteria layers of peptidoglycan are destroyed what other protection does cell have?
None
155
All bacteria have peptidoglycans except which forms?
L
156
What are L form bacteria?
Bacteria that have lost cell walls
157
What do mycoplasmas have?
No cell walls, only plasma membrane
158
What bacteria causes walking pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumonia
159
What are the two problems with mycoplasma bacteria?
Trouble identifying because they won't stain properly
Treatment is difficult because they have no peptidoglycans
160
What is the tiniest bacteria found on planet?
Mycoplasmas
161
What extra thing do gram negative bacteria have?
Weak layer of peptidoglycan and extra outer membrane
162
What does extra outer membrane do for gram negative bacteria?
Creates extra layer of security and can stop antibiotics from getting to peptidoglycan
163
What does LPS stand for?
Lipo
Poly
Saccharides
164
Where are LPS located?
Embedded in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
165
What does lipid A cause if it's released from gram negative bacteria?
Septic shock
166
When will lipid A be released?
When bacterial cells die
167
Is lipid A part of cell?
Yes
168
What can happen if gram negative bacteria are killed to quickly?
Lipid A released and it's toxic to humans do septic shock occurs
169
How many suspected cases of septic shock are there in a year?
750,000
170
How many deaths occur annually from septic shock?
250,000
171
What 3 types of enzymes could be I. Periplasmic space?
Binding enzymes
Degrading enzymes
Detoxifying enzymes
172
What are binding enzymes?
To bind glucose molecules
173
What are degrading enzymes?
To degrade macromolecules
174
What will detoxifying enzymes breakdown?
Beta lactamase breaks down penicillin
175
What is sporulation?
One cell makes one spore
176
What is germination?
One spore makes one cell
177
What is the reason we must autoclave to sterilize things?
Endospores
178
What are capsules also called?
Glycocalyx or slime layer
179
What are 4 functions of capsules?
Attachment (plaque)
Movement (they glide)
Evasion of immune system
Protection against dehydration
180
What is biofilm?
Production of capsule material plus different bacteria
