BIO 2200 Final

Question 1

True or False: Bacterial endospores have only been found in a few genera of gram positive bacteria

Answer 1

true

Question 2

True or False: The flagella is a filamentous structure found on gram positive bacteria, that allow movement by its rotation in either clockwise or counter-clockwise direction.

Answer 2

could be true or false

Question 3

True or False: The capsule and the endospore both protect the cells from desiccation, however the endospore allows for the cell to remain in a vegetative state, while the capsule does not.

Answer 3

false

Question 4

True or False: Microbiologists believe that we have isolated and cultured most of the bacteria and archaea statins in the world.

Answer 4

false

Question 5

True or False: Transmission electron microscopy requires that the sample be very thin (20-60 nm) and stained, which allows for the visualization of the structures at the molecular level.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

What class of transport systems chemically modifies the transported substance into the cell? It is driven by phosphoenolpyruvate.

Answer 6

Group translocation

Question 7

Who was the first scientist that was able to determine the link between microbes and infectious diseases (HINT: anthrax and tuberculosis)?

Answer 7

Robert Koch

Question 8

What is the protein that surrounds the basal body of the flagella in the cytoplasmic membrane that functions to generate charges used to rotate the flagella?

Answer 8

Mot proteins

Question 9

According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from bacterial cells. What evidence is there to support this belief? (3)

Answer 9

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA, the fact that each contain their own DNA, and the DNA is arranged in a circle like in bacteria

Question 10

Some prokaryotes can have small amounts of circular, extrachromosomal DNA, that confer antibiotic resistance to cells that take them up. What are these particles called?

Answer 10

Plasmids

Question 11

Microbial sub disciplines can be divided into Basic and Applied applications. What is an example of an area that would be considered a sub discipline with Basic emphases?

Answer 11

Bacterial genetics

Question 12

Suppose a student added too little alcohol to a sample containing known gram-negative bacteria, then counterstained with safranin. What would they observe?

Answer 12

All cells would be purple

Question 13

If the magnification of an ocular lens of a particular microscope is 5x and the magnification of the objective lens on the same microscope is 45x, the total magnification achieved is what?

Answer 13

225x

Question 14

The periplasmic space exists as the space between what and what in what type of bacteria?

Answer 14

as the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria.

Question 15

Which class of extremophile would you use to describe the organism Natronobacterium gregoryi, that inhabits environments in which the pH can range from 8.5 to 12.

Answer 15

alkaliphile

Question 16

Antibiotics such as Penicillin target bacterial cell walls and kill cells. Why is Penicillin ineffective against killing Mycoplasma infection?

Answer 16

absence of cell walls

Question 17

What are three examples of biosynthetic processes of microorganisms industrial microbiology looks to exploit?

Answer 17

bioremediation, food processing, and antibiotic production

Question 18

When is carrier mediated transport necessary? (3)

Answer 18

1) when movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient
2) when diffusion will not allow the adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell
3) when the level of nutrients in nature is very low

Question 19

What are the 3 ways one can describe the shape of a cell?

Answer 19

cocci, rod, and spirillum

Question 20

What type of flagella organization describe “flagella located in many places around the surface of the cell?”

Answer 20

peritrichous

Question 21

What cell characteristic would you use to distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Answer 21

presence of nucleus

Question 22

What type of cells are chemoorganotrophs?

Answer 22

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Question 23

What gene would you analyze in order to determine if an unknown organism was bacterial, archaeal, or eukaryotic?

Answer 23

ribosomal DNA

Question 24

Who is credited with the statement “the role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely large?”

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

In the bacterial cell, what are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 25

energy conservation, permeability barrier, and protein anchor

Question 26

Cell inclusions function as reservoirs or energy reserves of structural building blocks for cells. What are the products that can be found packaged into cellular inclusion? (3)

Answer 26

poly-beta-hydroybutyric acid, polyphosphate, and magnetosomes

Question 27

What is a property of just some cells?

Answer 27

communication

Question 28

What is the cell surface structure that allows for sex to occur (conjugation) between bacteria?

Answer 28

pili

Question 29

What are three discoveries that were credited to Louis Pasteur?

Answer 29

1) discovering that living microorganisms discriminate between optical isomers 2) development of vaccines for anthrax and rabies 3) discovering that alcohol fermentation was a biologically mediated process

Question 30

What are three forms of taxes that are stimulants that direct movement of bacteria, either as an attractant or a repellent?

Answer 30

chemotaxis, hydrotaxis, and phototaxis

Question 31

True or False: The optimal growth pH for microbial cells represents the pH of the internal environment.

Answer 31

false

Question 32

True or Fasle: Taq DNA polymerase was isolated from a thermophilic eukaryote, and is used in the polymerase chain reaction technique.

Answer 32

false

Question 33

True or False: In nature, the predominant form of DNA is supercoiled in the negative direction.

Answer 33

true

Question 34

True or False: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes the reaction between the appropriate amino acid and ATP to form an activated amino acid: amino acid + ATP aminoacyl-AMP + P-P

Answer 34

true

Question 35

True or False: Controlling the activity of the an enzyme is seemingly an inefficient use of the organism's energy.

Answer 35

false

Question 36

What are 3 examples of macronutrients? What is an example of a micronutrient?

Answer 36

Macro: sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus Micro: iron

Question 37

DNA replication always proceeds from the _____ of the incoming nucleotide to the ______ of the previously added nucleotide.

Answer 37

5' phosphate/ 3' hydroxyl

Question 38

A microbial growth medium that contains yeast extract would be considered to be what kind of media?

Answer 38

Complex

Question 39

What is the time interval required for the formation of two cells from one called?

Answer 39

generation time

Question 40

What is the major shape determining protein called?

Answer 40

MreB

Question 41

What is the type of RNA that is an important structural and catalytic component of the protein synthesizing system of the cell?

Answer 41

rRNA

Question 42

Why are serial dilutions generally made? (2) What are the based on?

Answer 42

1) to reach a suitable dilution 2) when the appropriate viable count is not known ahead of time 3) based on powers of 10, although other serial dilution factors are possible.

Question 43

What is the function of bactoprenol?

Answer 43

It is a hydrophobic alcohol that transports peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane.

Question 44

What is the statistically accurate number of colonies on a agar plate between?

Answer 44

30 and 300

Question 45

What does the flow of biological information begin with?

Answer 45

RNA transcription or DNA replication

Question 46

In which type of culture does one find a closed system?

Answer 46

batch culture

Question 47

What is an organism that is capable of growth at full oxygen tensions of 21% called?

Answer 47

aerobic

Question 48

When the population doubles during a constant time interval, what is the growth said to be?

Answer 48

exponential

Question 49

What are the housekeeping genes found as part of?

Answer 49

the chromosome

Question 50

Formation of the divisome begins with the attachment of what molecule in a ring around the center of the cell?

Answer 50

FtsZ

Question 51

What is the process by which two prokaryotic cells arise from one known as?

Answer 51

binary fission

Question 52

What are the cardinal temperatures?

Answer 52

minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures taken together

Question 53

What organisms are able to live in environments with high sugar concentrations?

Answer 53

osmophiles

Question 54

Thermal environments around hot springs are conducive to the growth of what?

Answer 54

both chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs

Question 55

What is superoxide dismutase essential to?

Answer 55

aerobes

Question 56

Denaturation of a protein destroys all but what level of protein structure?

Answer 56

primary

Question 57

True or False: Proteins that bind to DNA can either block or activate transcription.

Answer 57

true

Question 58

True or False: Reverse transcriptase is only found in the retroviruses.

Answer 58

false

Question 59

True or False: Following viral infection of cells, viruses redirect host metabolic functions.

Answer 59

true

Question 60

True or False: In negative-stranded RNA viruses (Class V), the RNA genome itself, directly serves as mRNA.

Answer 60

false

Question 61

True or False: Activator proteins initiate transcription by helping RNA polymerases recognize and bind to promoter sequences.

Answer 61

true

Question 62

What is the difference between Transposons and insertion sequences?

Answer 62

Only transposons may include antibiotic resistance.

Question 63

What is not a source of ionizing electromagnetic radiation that causes mutations to occur on DNA?

Answer 63

UV radiation

Question 64

What class of viruses does not require a viral RNA Replicase to replicate their viral genomes?

Answer 64

retroviruses

Question 65

The genomes of bacteriophages are typically composed of what?

Answer 65

double-stranded DNA

Question 66

How do infectious prion particles replicate in neuronal cells?

Answer 66

direct conversion of native PrP^SC

Question 67

The stringent response in cells is activated when the RecA protein is induced to generate ppGpp and pppGpp in cells that have _____.

Answer 67

deficiency of charged tRNAs

Question 68

What is reverse transcriptase?

Answer 68

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

Question 69

Where does viral replication occur?

Answer 69

intracellularly

Question 70

The sex pilus is used to transfer ____ DNA from ____ cells to ____ cells.

Answer 70

plasmid/F+/F-

Question 71

After conjugation, what are the cells in which the F plasmid is transferred and integrated into the host chromosome called?

Answer 71

Hfr

Question 72

What is a mutation in the DNA that always causes a complete loss of gene function called?

Answer 72

nonsense mutation

Question 73

What has one of the highest mutation rates?

Answer 73

viral RNA genome

Question 74

Where on the DNA does transcriptional regulatory protein binding occur?

Answer 74

major groove

Question 75

What are infectious RNA particles that lack a protein coat called?

Answer 75

viroids

Question 76

What are hosts for most enveloped viruses?

Answer 76

animals

Question 77

What mutagen is classified as an intercalating agent that inserts between base pairs?

Answer 77

ethidium bromide

Question 78

During the 1920's, what process did Fredrick Griffith use Streptococcus pneumoniae to describe?

Answer 78

transformation

Question 79

The Ames Test uses bacterial cells to detect if compounds are what?

Answer 79

mutagenic

Question 80

During "quorum sensing," what do bacterial cells detect and produce to measure the density of neighboring cells?

Answer 80

Acyl Homoserine Lactone

Question 81

What are viral infections in animal cells that release virions from infected host cells, without cell lysis, called?

Answer 81

persistent infections

Question 82

Metabolically, what occurs after arginine is added to culture that has been growing exponentially in a media without arginine?

Answer 82

growth continues, but the production of enzymes required for the synthesis of arginine ceases

Question 83

What genome composition makes viruses most susceptible to destruction by prokaryotic restriction endonucleases?

Answer 83

dsDNA

Question 84

What step is not part of the two component regulatory system for chemotaxis?

Answer 84

stringent response

Question 85

True or False: The first commercialized product from genetic engineering was interferon.

Answer 85

false

Question 86

True or False: The genes encoding luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), and beta-galactosidase are typically used in cloning as transcription regulators.

Answer 86

false

Question 87

True or False: Ergosterol inhibitors specifically target fungi.

Answer 87

false

Question 88

True or False: The decrease or loss of virulence of a pathogen is referred to as aging.

Answer 88

false

Question 89

True or False: In the agar diffusion method of studying antimicrobial action, the diameter of the individual microbial colonies is measured.

Answer 89

false

Question 90

How were antibiotics discovered?

Answer 90

assaying microorganisms obtained from nature for diffusible antibacterial materials

Question 91

Overtime, how can the action of some bacteriolytic chemical agents be observed?

Answer 91

by noting a decrease in the turbidity of bacteria in the culture medium

Question 92

What are semisynthetic antibiotics?

Answer 92

natural antibiotics that have been chemically modified in the laboratory

Question 93

What is the complete elimination of all microorganism, including viruses called?

Answer 93

sterilization

Question 94

What bacterial cell surface protein structure functions in the attachment process?

Answer 94

fimbriae and pili

Question 95

What is a gene from one organism that had been inserted into another organism called?

Answer 95

transgene

Question 96

Secondary metabolites appear during what stage?

Answer 96

at, or near, the stationary phase

Question 97

What are the most common infectious diseases?

Answer 97

colds

Question 98

An infection of what virus is serum hepatitis caused by?

Answer 98

hepatitis B virus

Question 99

What process follows fermentation to obtain higher concentrations of ethanol in high alcohol content beverages?

Answer 99

distillation

Question 100

What is the organism of choice for most molecular cloning?

Answer 100

E. coli

Question 101

What are capsules particularly important for?

Answer 101

protecting bacteria from host defense mechanisms

Question 102

What are important targets of antibiotics in Bacteria?

Answer 102

the cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane, and DNA replication and transcription elements

Question 103

What pathogen causes tuberculoid Hansen's disease?

Answer 103

Mycobacterium leprae

Question 104

What pathogenic organism produces an A-B exotoxin that prevents the release off the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from neurons to muscle?

Answer 104

Clostridium botulinum

Question 105

What are the most prevalent human infectious diseases caused by?

Answer 105

viruses

Question 106

What is the pH (in general terms) of the vagina of a healthy adult female?

Answer 106

weakly acidic

Question 107

What is the time required for a tenfold reduction of the viability of a microbial population at a given temperature called?

Answer 107

decimal reduction