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BIO 205 Final > BIO 205 - Final > Flashcards

BIO 205 - Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

abscess

A

pus-filled legion

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2
Q

complement

A

group of 30 blood proteins activated as a cascade; assist pathogen elimination by stimulating inflammation and enhancing phagocytosis; lyse pathogens by forming membrane attack complexs

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3
Q

edema

A

swelling of tissues caused by build-up of fluid

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4
Q

fever

A

high body temp caused by bacterial/viral infection

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5
Q

inflammation

A

nonspecific defensive response to injury characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain

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6
Q

interferon

A

virus defense; a cytokine that fights infection; triggers an antiviral state against viral infections

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7
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cell

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8
Q

leukocytosis

A

elevated WBCs; more than 10,500 = infection

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9
Q

leukopenia

A

decreased WBCs; lower than 3500 = infection or at risk for infection (TB/AIDS)

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10
Q

lymph node

A

organ involved in immune response and contains phagocytes and lymphocytes

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11
Q

lymphocyte

A

type of WBC (B cells, T cells) 20-30% of WBCs; function = antibodies and cell defenses

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12
Q

macrophage

A

large cell derived from monocytes found within various tissues and actively engulfs foreign material, including infecting bacterial cells and viruses

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13
Q

monocyte (blood monocyte)

A

tissue marcophage; a circulating WBC with a large bean-shaped nucleus that is the precursor to a macrophage; long-lived; function = antigen presentation

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14
Q

mucous membrane

A

moist lining in the body passages of all mammals that contain mucus-secreting cells and is open directly or indirectly to the external environment

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15
Q

mucus

A

sticky secretion of glycoproteins

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16
Q

neutrophil

A

type of phagocyte (50-70% of WBCs) functions chiefly to engulf and destroy foreign material, including bacterial/viral cells; short-lived

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17
Q

phagocyte

A

includes neutrophils, blood monocytes, and dendritic cells; WBC capable of engulfing and destroying foreign materials, including bacterial/viral cells

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18
Q

dendritic cell

A

type of phagocyte having long extensions; found in all tissues; engulfs foreign material/bacteria/viruses through phagocytosis and presents antigen peptides on surface; 1% of WBCs

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19
Q

phagocytosis

A

process by which foreign material or cells are taken into a WBC and destroyed

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20
Q

pyrogen

A

fever-producing substance (cytokine)

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21
Q

sebum

A

oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands that keep skin and hair soft and moist

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22
Q

vasodilation

A

a widening of the blood vessels, especially the arteries, leading to increased blood flow; symptom of inflammation

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23
Q

cytokine

A

small proteins released by immune defensive cells that affect other cells and the immune response to an infectious agent; includes attraction cytokines, pyrogen cytokines, and interferon cytokines

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24
Q

Explain the importance of primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and the role of lymph nodes as a defense against pathogens

A
  • Primary lymphoid tissues = thymus and bone marrow; this is where lymphocytes mature (B/T cells, antibodies & cell defenses)
  • Secondary lymphoid tissues = lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils & adenoids; where immune battles occur
  • Lymph nodes contain phagocytes (engulf & destroy) and lymphocytes (antibodies & cell defense)
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25
Q

What is the importance of the innate immune response?

A

-Innate immune response = nonspecific resistance; found in all animals; born with the resistance; provides same response to any pathogen, abnormal cell, or foreign material (nonspecific); first line of defense = physical, chemical, cellular; second line defenses = acquired immunity found only in vertebrates

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26
Q

List and describe the physical, chemical, and microbiological barriers against infection involved with innate immunity.

A
  • Physical = skin; mucous membranes which provide mucus which is coughed/sneezed out of the body
  • Chemical = bactericidal components: skin oils (sebum), sweat lysozome & other defense proteins, stomach acid
  • Cellular = normal microbiota, WBCs
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27
Q

Explain the process of phagocytosis and identify the types of leukocytes involved

A

1) attachment and entry of pathogen
2) endocytosis (brings pathogen into cell forming phagosome
3) fusion with lysosomes (phagolysosome)
4) pathogen destruction
5) elimination of wastes

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28
Q

Define inflammation and describe the stages

A

Inflammation = nonspecific response to trauma characterized by redness(R), warmth(W), swelling(S), and pain(P)

1) firs line breached; cytokines secreted by macrophages
2) capillary vasodilation brings plasma to site; tissue edema (R,W,S,P)
3) more phagocytes arrive (monocytes mature into macrophages); phagocytosis occurs
4) abscess forms as tissue repair occurs (P)

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29
Q

What is the cause and effect of fever on an infection or disease?

A

Fever = caused by pyrogens; consist of microphage (released cytokines that tell the body to turn up the temp) and bacterial fragments or toxins/viruses; act on the hypothalamus; moderate fever (102-103 F) can be a good thing because it speeds tissue repair and phagocytosis and inhibits pathogen replication

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30
Q

Describe how complement functions as an antimicrobial defense system

A

Complement = group of 30 blood proteins activated as a cascade; assist pathogen elimination by stimulating inflammation and enhancing phagocytosis; lyse pathogens (bacteria) by forming membrane attack complexes

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31
Q

Explain how interferon puts cells in an antiviral state

A

1) Virus infects cell
2) Infected cell responds by producing and secreting interferon
3) Interferon sensed by neighboring cells
4) Responding cells produce antiviral proteins (AVPs) = antiviral state
5) When virus infects neighboring cell, AVPs destroy viral genome

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32
Q

The secondary lymphoid tissues include what?

A

spleen and lymph nodes

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33
Q

Why is the stomach a chemical barrier to infection?

A

Because the stomach has an acid pH

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34
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Proteins affecting the hypothalamus; bacterial fragments, and fever-producing substance

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35
Q

What is produced in response to a viral infection?

A

interferon

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36
Q

Small protein released by various defensive cells in response to an activating substance?

A

cytokine

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37
Q

A T cell or B cell is one.

A

lymphocyte

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38
Q

A monocyte matures into one of these

A

macrophage

39
Q

Found in human tears and sweat

A

lysozyme

40
Q

Also called a PMN

A

neutrophil

41
Q

Refers to a substance causing fever

A

pyrogen

42
Q

A short-lived phagocyte

A

neutrophil

43
Q

Summarize MicroFocus 20.1: “Who Turned On the Spigot?”

A

-Runny nose/sniffles is body’s first line of defense against an infection; the mucus washes out the respiratory pathogens in the airways; healthy individuals produce and swallow about 200 mL mucus/day; sick people can produce up to 200mL/day; infection can cause the mucus to be thick and yellow; cold or flu causes the nasal passages to become congested forcing the mucus from the nostrils; tear duct liquid from watery eyes can combine with mucus; must drink lots of water to make up for phlegm lost

44
Q

antibody

A

a highly specific protein produced by the body in response to a foreign substance, such as bacteria/virus, and capable of binding to the substance

45
Q

antigen

A

chemical substance that stimulates the production of antibodies by the body’s immune system

46
Q

antigen binding site

A

the region on an antibody that binds to an antigen

47
Q

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A

a macrophage or dendritic cell that exposes antigen peptide fragments on its surface to T cells

48
Q

B cells (B lymphocytes)

A

WBC that matures into memory cells and plasma cells that secrete antibody

49
Q

bone marrow

A

a soft reddish substance inside some bones that is involved in the production of blood cells

50
Q

clone

A

population of genetically identical cells (or plasmids)

51
Q

cytokine

A

small proteins released by immune defensive cells that affects other cells and the immune response to an infectious agent

52
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

the type of T lymphocyte that searches out and destroys infected cells

53
Q

epitope (antigenic determinant)

A

section of an antigen molecule that stimulates antibody formation and to which the antibody binds

54
Q

heavy chain

A

larger polypeptide in an antibody

55
Q

immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

class of immunological proteins that react with an antigen; an alternate term for antibody

56
Q

light chain

A

smaller polypeptide in an antibody

57
Q

memory cell

A

cell derived from B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes that reacts rapidly upon re-exposure to antigen

58
Q

plasma cell

A

antibody-producing cell derived from B cells

59
Q

thymus

A

organ where T lymphocytes mature

60
Q

T cells (T lymphocytes)

A

WBC that matures in the thymus gland and is associated with cell-mediated immunity

61
Q

List and describe the four basic characteristics of acquired immunity

A

1) Recognizes & responds to diverse foreign substances (antigens) = antigens: pathogen parts, toxins, tumor cells, transplants
2) Exhibits tolerance = “self” tolerated, “nonself” attacked (can differentiate between what is part of you and what is not)
3) Causes minimal damage to self = local sites of attack (secondary lymphoid tissues)
4) Maintains memory to previously fought antigens = immunity to future exposures to same pathogen

62
Q

Define an antigen and an antigenic determinant

A
  • Immune system recognizes epitopes on the antigen (epitope = parts of the antigen that are recognized by antibodies)
  • Antigens are immunogenic (stimulate an immune response)
63
Q

Describe how T and B cells bind antigens

A

B cells = originate & mature in bone marrow; migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues; responsible for humoral (antibody) immunity (make antibodies)
T cells = originate in bone marrow but mature in thymus; migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues; become helper T cells or cytotoxic cells; responsible for cell-mediated immunity

64
Q

Describe how humoral immunity generates antibodies that are specific to a pathogen (antigen).

A

1) Antigens enter lymphoid organ
2) B & T cells reside in the lymphoid organs
3) Antigen binds to appropriate B cell (based on receptors)
4) Cytokines trigger division & clone formation
5) B cells form memory B cells & mature into plasma cells
6) Plasma cells secrete antibody into blood (antibody specific to infection)
7) Upon second exposure, B cells convert directly to plasma cells & clone more memory cells
* **Takes 2 weeks for seroconvert (time body responds & starts producing antibodies)

65
Q

Identify and describe the characteristics of the immunoglobulin (Ig) classes.

A

1) IgG: 1 subunit; 80% in serum; complement activation; crosses placenta; phagocyte binding; function = fight infections w/in blood/lymph fluids
2) IgM: 5 subunits; 5% in serum; complement activation; does not cross placenta; phagocyte binding; function = fight infections w/in blood/lymph fluids
3) IgA: 2 subunits; 15% in serum; no complement activation; does not cross placenta; no phagocyte binding; function = secreted out of body (digestion, saliva, tears)

66
Q

Explain how primary and secondary antibody responses confer immunological memory and immunity to infectious agents.

A

After the primary antigenic stimulation, IgM is the first antibody to appear in the circulation. Later, IgM is supplemented by IgG. On a secondary exposure to the same antigen, the production of IgG is more rapid, and the concentration in the serum reaches a higher level than in the primary response.

67
Q

Describe and assess the mechanisms for antigen clearance through antibody interactions in the body.

A

1) Viral inhibition = antibodies react with molecules at the viral surface and prevent the viral attachment to cells
2) Neutralization = antibodies combine specifically with toxins (or microbes), thereby neutralizing them and preventing attachment to cells
3) Agglutination = antibodies combine with antigens on the cell surface and bind the cells together or restrict their movement
4) Phagocytosis = a portion on antibodies encourages phagocytosis by forming a bridge between antigen and receptor sites on the phagocyte

68
Q

What is the ELISA blood test?

A

Test for antibodies to a pathogen (detects antibodies) for HIV/AIDS & Hepatitis C; only determines if someone has been exposed; disease must be fully seroconverted for accurate test

69
Q

Explain how cell-mediated immunity reacts to trigger B cell activity and kill virus-infected cells

A

1) Antigen presenting cell presents antigen peptides to naive T cells
2) T cells divide into a clone of helper T cells
3) some clones become memory T cells
4) Some clones search out B cells
5) Clone of immature T cells “help” B cells trigger humoral immunity through cytokines
6) Some clones transform into cytotoxic T cells which search out infected cells
7) CTs find & destroy infected cells

70
Q

active immunity

A

immune system responds to antigen by producing antibodies and specific lymphocytes

71
Q

antiserum

A

blood-derived fluid containing antibodies and used to provide temporary immunity

72
Q

antitoxin

A

an antibody produced by the body that circulates in the bloodstream to provide protection against toxins by neutralizing them

73
Q

booster shot

A

a repeat dose of a vaccine given some years after the initial course to maintain a high level of immunity

74
Q

conjugate vaccine

A

an antigen preparation consisting of the antigen bound to a carrier protein

75
Q

herd immunity

A

the proportion of a population that is immune to a disease

76
Q

passive immunity

A

the temporary immunity that comes from receiving antibodies from another source

77
Q

serum

A

the fluid portion of the blood consisting of water, minerals, salts, proteins, and other organic substances, including antibodies; contains no clotting agents (plasma)

78
Q

subunit vaccine

A

a vaccine that contains parts of microorganisms

79
Q

toxoid

A

a preparation of a microbial toxin that has been rendered harmless by chemical treatment but that is capable of stimulating antibodies; used as vaccines

80
Q

vaccination

A

inoculation with weakened or dead microbes or viruses in order to generate immunity

81
Q

vaccine

A

a preparation containing weakened or dead microorganisms or viruses, treated toxins, or parts of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate immune resistance

82
Q

whole agent vaccine

A

vaccine preparation that includes the entire microorganism and not just parts (classical)

83
Q

Contrast the forms of active and passive immunity

A

Active: 1) Naturally acquired by exposure to pathogen and recovery from illness 2) artificially acquired through vaccination
Passive: 1) Naturally acquired by passage of IgG antibodies across placenta 2) artificially acquired by injection of antiserum or antitoxin (antibodies from external source)

84
Q

List the Whole Agent Bacterial/Viral Vaccines

A

Attenuated, inactivated, and toxoid

85
Q

List the Modern Group Bacterial/Viral Vaccines

A

Subunit, conjugate, nucleic acid (DNA)

86
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine?

A

Living but weakened pathogen; slight chance of virulence, “lifelong” immunity; used to treat chickenpox & measles, mumps, rubella (MMRs)

87
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A

chemically “killed” pathogen; virulence cannot redevelop; no “lifelong” immunity; used to prevent cholera and the flu

88
Q

What is a toxoid vaccine?

A

Heat inactivated exotoxins; virulence cannot redevelop; no “lifelong” immunity (boosters; used to prevent tetanus, diptheria

89
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

A fragment of the pathogen; virulence cannot redevelop; possible “lifelong” immunity; used to prevent Hepatitis B and HPV

90
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine?

A

polysaccharide + hapten (molecule attached to polysaccharide which stimulates and immune response); virulence cannot redevelop; no “lifelong” immunity (boosters); used to prevent HIB meningitis and pertussis

91
Q

What is a Nucleic Acid (DNA) vaccine?

A

pathogen gene in a plasmid injected into individual; virulence cannot redevelop; not available to humans; used to prevent West Nile in horses

92
Q

What is the usefulness of booster shots?

A

1) Re-establish “immunological memory” with B and T memory cells
2) elevates antibody levels in blood

93
Q

Explain the generation of herd immunity and assess its role in disease prevention.

A

1) Results from immunizing most of a population (herd)
2) Breaks the chain of transmission
3) Herd immunity threshold = 85% vaccinated
4) Makes finding susceptible host difficult because most people are immune

94
Q

Discuss the side effects that a vaccine may have?

A

1) Symptoms include: fever, malaise, soreness at injection site
2) Attenuated vaccines may pose problems for infants, pregnant women, and elderly
3) 1 in 1 million have a serious side effect
4) Polio vaccine = Sabin (attenuated, oral) versus Salk (inactivated, injected)
5) MMR vaccine = is safe (not linked to autism)

BIO 205 Final (1 decks)

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