Bio 2040 gymnosperms and angiosperms Flashcards
1
Q
Kingdom Plantae are eukaryotic multicellular organisms composed of what?
A
cells called plastids
2
Q
plants typically live where?
A
on land
3
Q
where did plants evolve from?
A
a photosynthetic protist ancestor
4
Q
how are plants distinguished from algae?
A
adaptations for land
5
Q
streptophytes share what traits with plants?
A
a distinct type of cytokinesis, plasomedemata, and big egg small sperm
6
Q
why are plant bodies made out of 3D tissues?
A
to help avoid water loss
7
Q
where did tissues come from?
A
apical meristems
8
Q
meristems are
A
growth spots in a plant
9
Q
why did plants need thick and robust bodies?
A
to stand up on land
10
Q
why do plants need to be tall?
A
because of sunlight
11
Q
Name the distinctive reproduction features of plants
A
alternation of generations, air-resistant reproductive cells, specialised tissues for generating, protecting, and dispersing reproductive cells
12
Q
moss can also be called
A
bryophytes
13
Q
pteridophytes are
A
ferns
14
Q
conifers
A
pine trees
15
Q
angiosperms
A
flowering plants
16
Q
bryophytes are what kind of models?
A
earliest terrestrial plants
17
Q
pteriodphytes have what kind of characteristics?
A
vascular plants that don’t produce seeds
18
Q
tracheophytes
A
vascular plants
19
Q
why do plants have tracheids?
A
for water and mineral conduction and structural support
20
Q
Vascular tissues occur where?
A
in the stems, roots, and leaves
21
Q
stems produce…
A
leaves and sporangia
22
Q
what do stems contain?
A
xylem and phloem
23
Q
phloem
A
brings water down outside
24
Q
xylem
A
brings everything up
25
roots are specialized for
uptake of water and minerals from soil
26
roots need what to connect
plasodesmata
27
leaves are specialized for...
photosynthesis
28
cutin
found in the cuticle
29
what does the cuticle do
helps block pathogens and minimizes water loss
30
stomata
pores that open and close to allow gas exchange, minimize water loss
31
how do gymnosperms reproduce?
using seeds
32
seeds have what function for the sporophyte?
protect and provide
33
sporophytes are used in...
gymnosperms
34
gymnosperms have what kind of seeds?
naked seeds, they are not surrounded by fruit
35
what are angiosperms distinguished by?
flowers and an endosperm
36
flowers in angiosperms are specialized for
seed production
37
what is the purpose of fruits?
they enclose the seed and help the seed disperse
38
fruits grow from what on the tree?
flowers
39
endosperm:
a nutritional seed tissue that is efficient in nutrient storage
40
the origin of land plants was essential for
substantial soils, rise of modern levels of oxygen, evolution of modern plants, and animals/heterotrophs colonizing land
41
who produces decay-resistant body tissue?
bryophytes
42
what could have decay-resistant body tissue caused?
reduce greenhouse gas in the atmosphere
43
modern bryophytes store what?
carbon
44
when moss absorbed carbon, what was the effect?
slightly cooler temperatures
45
cold air doesn't have as much (blank) as warm air
moisture
46
why are most fossils found in early vascular plants?
due to lignin and cutin
47
what happened in the carboniferous period?
seeds became dominant in cooler, drier conditions
48
when did the comet kill the dinosaurs and a lot of plants?
65 million years ago
49
what was the effect of this mass extinction event?
the rise of angiosperms
50
How do conifers such as pine and maple trees go through reproduction?
a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation
51
why is the diploid sporophyte generation advantageous?
allows a single plant to disperse widely
52
conifers use meiosis because....
they produce numerous genetically variable haploid spores
53
what are the roles of gametophytes?
to produce haploid gametes
54
why are the gametes haploid?
because they are produced by mitosis, and two are needed to produce an embryo
55
sperm swim to an egg and fuses to create what?
a diploid zygote
56
zygotes grow into what?
sporophytes
57
When a mature spore is produced in a protective enclosure what is it called?
a sporangia
58
during evolution sporophytes became...
larger and more complex
59
gametophytes are which generation?
the dominant one
60
other plants have a dominant
sporophyte phase
61
sporophytes depend on...
gametophytes
62
sporophytes can either be
small and short lived or long lived, independent, and large
63
nonvascular
lacking tissues for structural support and conduction found in other plants
64
Features of bryophytes include:
early adaptations to land
65
bryophytes use what kind of life cycles?
sporic with alterations of generations
66
reproduction in bryophytes is limited by..
dry conditions
67
vascular plant sporophytes are dependant on gametophytes for...
only a short time during embryo development
68
stems of vascular sporophytes can produce...
branches that form large adult plants with many leaves
69
progression to larger sporophyte life stage to....
small gametophyte life stage
70
earlier plants lack...
embryos
71
plant embryos are what
young sporophytes
72
what are the three features of embryos?
multicellular and diploid, retained in maternal tissue, depends on the mother plant for nutrients
73
leaves are useful because they...
provide a high surface area for photosynthesis
74
simplest, most ancient leaves are called
microphylls
75
extensively branched leaf veins are called
megaphylls
76
leaves being large is
an advantage
77
seed plants produce what kind of spores?
two distinct types
78
microspores
male gametophyte (pollen)
79
megaspores
female gametophyte (egg)
80
the microspore carries how many sperm?
two
81
what is double fertilization?
one sperm fertilizes egg, the other forms endosperm
82
seeds are a good adaptation because...
able to stay dormant and wait for the right conditions, better dispersal, can store many nutrients, sperm reaches egg without swimming
83
seed plants haven't
replaced spores
84
heterospory is when
others produce micro and megaspores
85
heterospory is the
first step to seed evolution
86
what is the advantage of heterospory?
cross fertilization
87
the first seed plants evolved from what?
seedless vascular plants
88
an ancestral gymnosperm evolved into what?
an angiosperm
89
why do both angiosperms and gymnosperms exist?
differences in climate
90
gymnosperms adopted what adaptations for their climate?
seeds and wood
91
where do gymnosperms live?
in cold, dry habitats
92
wood does what?
strengthens plants and allows them to grow tall, produces branches leave and seeds
93
modern gymnosperms have tissues composed of
several empty water conducting cells called lignin
94
lignin
supports the tissue of a gymnosperm
95
lignin helps...
woody tissue transport water upwards for long distances, also provides resistance to stress
96
vascular cambium produces what?
a thick layer of wood and a thin layer of bark
97
inner bark is used for
transporting watery solution of organic compounds
98
if the vascular cambium can't transport minerals, what will happen?
they will die
99
progymnosperms
first wood
100
progymnosperms produce their vascular tissue in...
a ring
101
which came first, wood or seeds?
wood
102
how did progymnosperms reproduce
spores
103
phylum coniferophyta is named for its
seed colonies
104
coniferophyta is common in...
mountains and high latitude forests
105
coniferophyta has what kind of pollen cones?
simple
106
what is the difference between microsporangia and megasporangia? besides the fact that one of them is a sperm and one of them is an egg
microspore: simple leaf like structures hold pollen
megaspore: made of a short branch system, hold the ovules
107
coniferophyta's ovules are
more complex, composed of short branch systems, megasporangia
108
coniferophyta pollen is dispersed by
the wind
109
coniferophyta seed coats usually have what?
wings OR seeds/cones with bright and fleshy coatings
110
why does wood contain tracheids?
for water transport
111
cold climate adaptations include:
cone shape, flexible branches, scalely/needly leaves, thick and waxy cuticle, and usually evergreen
112
the endosperm of a gymnosperm is..
a haploid tissue
113
what are the defining features of angiosperms?
flowers and fruits, presence of seeds in fruit, triploid endosperm, enclosed seeds
114
flowers are what?
complex reproductive features
115
flowers most likely evolved from
leaves
116
flowers are specialized for what?
production of pollen, seeds, and attracting pollinators
117
sepals
green outer layer of a flower
118
petals
often colorful
119
stamens
make pollen
120
pistil
produces ovules
121
stigma
recieves and recognizes pollen
122
will the stigma accept any pollen?
no, it has to be the correct kind
123
ovarys enclose and protect what?
ovules
124
before fertilization pollen grains must be
released from anthers
125
what does the pollen need to find?
a stigma that is compatiable
126
flowers are specialized to attract
animals to disperse their seeds
127
some seeds are adapted to be dispersed by
wind, rain, or animals
128
germination
the production of a pollen tube containing two sperm cells
129
the stigma and pistil determine...
the fate of the pollen
130
self-compatibility
plans that can self pollinate
131
self-incompatibility
rejects pollen that is too similar
132
what are the advantageous of self-incompatibility
decreases chances of recessive diseases
133
how do incompatible plants figure out which pollen is too similar
the S gene locus determines pollen/pistil compatibility traits
134
angiosperm embryos undergo
development in a series of stages known as embryogenesis
135
when did embryogenesis come onto the scene?
230 years after gymnosperms
136
flowers are critical innovations that make....
genome duplication possible
137
early flowers had what kind of stamens?
broad leaf-shaped structures
138
these broad-leafed stamens evolved into what?
narrowly shaped filaments and anthers
139
the pistil developed what kind of structures?
leaf like structures
140
why is the pistil folded?
to protect ovules
141
whole genome replication events:
opening opportunities for descent by evolution
142
how many plants are polyploid?
40-70%
143
plants can obtain mitochondrial genes from other species by what?
horizontal gene transfer
144
what are monocots and dicots named for?
differences in embryonic leaves called a cotyledon
145
are monocots and dicots similar?
no, they have a lot of differences
146
flower diversification can also be explained by
co-evolving with pollinators
147
fused petals
floral tubes that accumulate nectar for pollinators
148
what are other ways plants get pollinated easier?
clustering of flowers in groups, reduction of petals, wind
149
fruits develop from what?
ovary walls
150
what are fruits made to do?
help disperse the enclosed seeds
151
what are the benefits of having fruit?
prevents competition and helps colonization
152
fruits can be adapted to attract
animals, wind dispersal, attaching to animal fur, and floating in the water
153
secondary metabolites
synthesis of molecules that are not essential for cell structure and growth
154
what are the three types of secondary metabolites?
terpenes (ex. rubber), phenolics (ex. cinnamon, cloves) and alkaloids (caffeine, nicotine, clearly the best of the three)
155
what is coevolution?
process by which 2 or more species of organisms influence each other's evolutionary pathway
156
coevolution explains what?
the diversity of flowers and fruits
157
constancy or fidelity
pollinators visit flower types, precise pollen transfer
158
how do plants attract pollinators?
colors, odors, shape, sizes (some flowers like to mimic the female species of bees, it's kind of like a painting)
159
if pollinators go extinct what might happen to that plant?
the plant also goes extinct, or it has to adapt VERY quickly
160
flowers attract birds by doing what?
odors, red flowers
161
flowers attract bees by doing what?
use the colors blue, purple, yellow, or white, sweet odor
162
how do fruits signal that they're ready?
by making the ripe fruit a different color than an unripe fruit
163
domestication
artificial selection for traits humans wants
164
shattering:
wild fruit breaks apart to disperse seeds (humans have bred plants to not have this trait so harvest is easier)
165
what is the difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm endosperm?
gymnosperm: haploid tissue
angiosperm: a triploid tissue
