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biology quiz on plants > Bio 2040 gymnosperms and angiosperms > Flashcards

Bio 2040 gymnosperms and angiosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

Kingdom Plantae are eukaryotic multicellular organisms composed of what?

A

cells called plastids

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2
Q

plants typically live where?

A

on land

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3
Q

where did plants evolve from?

A

a photosynthetic protist ancestor

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4
Q

how are plants distinguished from algae?

A

adaptations for land

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5
Q

streptophytes share what traits with plants?

A

a distinct type of cytokinesis, plasomedemata, and big egg small sperm

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6
Q

why are plant bodies made out of 3D tissues?

A

to help avoid water loss

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7
Q

where did tissues come from?

A

apical meristems

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8
Q

meristems are

A

growth spots in a plant

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9
Q

why did plants need thick and robust bodies?

A

to stand up on land

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10
Q

why do plants need to be tall?

A

because of sunlight

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11
Q

Name the distinctive reproduction features of plants

A

alternation of generations, air-resistant reproductive cells, specialised tissues for generating, protecting, and dispersing reproductive cells

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12
Q

moss can also be called

A

bryophytes

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13
Q

pteridophytes are

A

ferns

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14
Q

conifers

A

pine trees

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15
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants

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16
Q

bryophytes are what kind of models?

A

earliest terrestrial plants

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17
Q

pteriodphytes have what kind of characteristics?

A

vascular plants that don’t produce seeds

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18
Q

tracheophytes

A

vascular plants

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19
Q

why do plants have tracheids?

A

for water and mineral conduction and structural support

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20
Q

Vascular tissues occur where?

A

in the stems, roots, and leaves

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21
Q

stems produce…

A

leaves and sporangia

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22
Q

what do stems contain?

A

xylem and phloem

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23
Q

phloem

A

brings water down outside

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24
Q

xylem

A

brings everything up

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25
Q

roots are specialized for

A

uptake of water and minerals from soil

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26
Q

roots need what to connect

A

plasodesmata

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27
Q

leaves are specialized for…

A

photosynthesis

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28
Q

cutin

A

found in the cuticle

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29
Q

what does the cuticle do

A

helps block pathogens and minimizes water loss

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30
Q

stomata

A

pores that open and close to allow gas exchange, minimize water loss

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31
Q

how do gymnosperms reproduce?

A

using seeds

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32
Q

seeds have what function for the sporophyte?

A

protect and provide

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33
Q

sporophytes are used in…

A

gymnosperms

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34
Q

gymnosperms have what kind of seeds?

A

naked seeds, they are not surrounded by fruit

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35
Q

what are angiosperms distinguished by?

A

flowers and an endosperm

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36
Q

flowers in angiosperms are specialized for

A

seed production

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37
Q

what is the purpose of fruits?

A

they enclose the seed and help the seed disperse

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38
Q

fruits grow from what on the tree?

A

flowers

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39
Q

endosperm:

A

a nutritional seed tissue that is efficient in nutrient storage

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40
Q

the origin of land plants was essential for

A

substantial soils, rise of modern levels of oxygen, evolution of modern plants, and animals/heterotrophs colonizing land

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41
Q

who produces decay-resistant body tissue?

A

bryophytes

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42
Q

what could have decay-resistant body tissue caused?

A

reduce greenhouse gas in the atmosphere

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43
Q

modern bryophytes store what?

A

carbon

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44
Q

when moss absorbed carbon, what was the effect?

A

slightly cooler temperatures

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45
Q

cold air doesn’t have as much (blank) as warm air

A

moisture

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46
Q

why are most fossils found in early vascular plants?

A

due to lignin and cutin

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47
Q

what happened in the carboniferous period?

A

seeds became dominant in cooler, drier conditions

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48
Q

when did the comet kill the dinosaurs and a lot of plants?

A

65 million years ago

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49
Q

what was the effect of this mass extinction event?

A

the rise of angiosperms

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50
Q

How do conifers such as pine and maple trees go through reproduction?

A

a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation

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51
Q

why is the diploid sporophyte generation advantageous?

A

allows a single plant to disperse widely

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52
Q

conifers use meiosis because….

A

they produce numerous genetically variable haploid spores

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53
Q

what are the roles of gametophytes?

A

to produce haploid gametes

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54
Q

why are the gametes haploid?

A

because they are produced by mitosis, and two are needed to produce an embryo

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55
Q

sperm swim to an egg and fuses to create what?

A

a diploid zygote

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56
Q

zygotes grow into what?

A

sporophytes

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57
Q

When a mature spore is produced in a protective enclosure what is it called?

A

a sporangia

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58
Q

during evolution sporophytes became…

A

larger and more complex

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59
Q

gametophytes are which generation?

A

the dominant one

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60
Q

other plants have a dominant

A

sporophyte phase

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61
Q

sporophytes depend on…

A

gametophytes

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62
Q

sporophytes can either be

A

small and short lived or long lived, independent, and large

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63
Q

nonvascular

A

lacking tissues for structural support and conduction found in other plants

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64
Q

Features of bryophytes include:

A

early adaptations to land

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65
Q

bryophytes use what kind of life cycles?

A

sporic with alterations of generations

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66
Q

reproduction in bryophytes is limited by..

A

dry conditions

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67
Q

vascular plant sporophytes are dependant on gametophytes for…

A

only a short time during embryo development

68
Q

stems of vascular sporophytes can produce…

A

branches that form large adult plants with many leaves

69
Q

progression to larger sporophyte life stage to….

A

small gametophyte life stage

70
Q

earlier plants lack…

A

embryos

71
Q

plant embryos are what

A

young sporophytes

72
Q

what are the three features of embryos?

A

multicellular and diploid, retained in maternal tissue, depends on the mother plant for nutrients

73
Q

leaves are useful because they…

A

provide a high surface area for photosynthesis

74
Q

simplest, most ancient leaves are called

A

microphylls

75
Q

extensively branched leaf veins are called

A

megaphylls

76
Q

leaves being large is

A

an advantage

77
Q

seed plants produce what kind of spores?

A

two distinct types

78
Q

microspores

A

male gametophyte (pollen)

79
Q

megaspores

A

female gametophyte (egg)

80
Q

the microspore carries how many sperm?

A

two

81
Q

what is double fertilization?

A

one sperm fertilizes egg, the other forms endosperm

82
Q

seeds are a good adaptation because…

A

able to stay dormant and wait for the right conditions, better dispersal, can store many nutrients, sperm reaches egg without swimming

83
Q

seed plants haven’t

A

replaced spores

84
Q

heterospory is when

A

others produce micro and megaspores

85
Q

heterospory is the

A

first step to seed evolution

86
Q

what is the advantage of heterospory?

A

cross fertilization

87
Q

the first seed plants evolved from what?

A

seedless vascular plants

88
Q

an ancestral gymnosperm evolved into what?

A

an angiosperm

89
Q

why do both angiosperms and gymnosperms exist?

A

differences in climate

90
Q

gymnosperms adopted what adaptations for their climate?

A

seeds and wood

91
Q

where do gymnosperms live?

A

in cold, dry habitats

92
Q

wood does what?

A

strengthens plants and allows them to grow tall, produces branches leave and seeds

93
Q

modern gymnosperms have tissues composed of

A

several empty water conducting cells called lignin

94
Q

lignin

A

supports the tissue of a gymnosperm

95
Q

lignin helps…

A

woody tissue transport water upwards for long distances, also provides resistance to stress

96
Q

vascular cambium produces what?

A

a thick layer of wood and a thin layer of bark

97
Q

inner bark is used for

A

transporting watery solution of organic compounds

98
Q

if the vascular cambium can’t transport minerals, what will happen?

A

they will die

99
Q

progymnosperms

A

first wood

100
Q

progymnosperms produce their vascular tissue in…

A

a ring

101
Q

which came first, wood or seeds?

A

wood

102
Q

how did progymnosperms reproduce

A

spores

103
Q

phylum coniferophyta is named for its

A

seed colonies

104
Q

coniferophyta is common in…

A

mountains and high latitude forests

105
Q

coniferophyta has what kind of pollen cones?

A

simple

106
Q

what is the difference between microsporangia and megasporangia? besides the fact that one of them is a sperm and one of them is an egg

A

microspore: simple leaf like structures hold pollen
megaspore: made of a short branch system, hold the ovules

107
Q

coniferophyta’s ovules are

A

more complex, composed of short branch systems, megasporangia

108
Q

coniferophyta pollen is dispersed by

A

the wind

109
Q

coniferophyta seed coats usually have what?

A

wings OR seeds/cones with bright and fleshy coatings

110
Q

why does wood contain tracheids?

A

for water transport

111
Q

cold climate adaptations include:

A

cone shape, flexible branches, scalely/needly leaves, thick and waxy cuticle, and usually evergreen

112
Q

the endosperm of a gymnosperm is..

A

a haploid tissue

113
Q

what are the defining features of angiosperms?

A

flowers and fruits, presence of seeds in fruit, triploid endosperm, enclosed seeds

114
Q

flowers are what?

A

complex reproductive features

115
Q

flowers most likely evolved from

A

leaves

116
Q

flowers are specialized for what?

A

production of pollen, seeds, and attracting pollinators

117
Q

sepals

A

green outer layer of a flower

118
Q

petals

A

often colorful

119
Q

stamens

A

make pollen

120
Q

pistil

A

produces ovules

121
Q

stigma

A

recieves and recognizes pollen

122
Q

will the stigma accept any pollen?

A

no, it has to be the correct kind

123
Q

ovarys enclose and protect what?

A

ovules

124
Q

before fertilization pollen grains must be

A

released from anthers

125
Q

what does the pollen need to find?

A

a stigma that is compatiable

126
Q

flowers are specialized to attract

A

animals to disperse their seeds

127
Q

some seeds are adapted to be dispersed by

A

wind, rain, or animals

128
Q

germination

A

the production of a pollen tube containing two sperm cells

129
Q

the stigma and pistil determine…

A

the fate of the pollen

130
Q

self-compatibility

A

plans that can self pollinate

131
Q

self-incompatibility

A

rejects pollen that is too similar

132
Q

what are the advantageous of self-incompatibility

A

decreases chances of recessive diseases

133
Q

how do incompatible plants figure out which pollen is too similar

A

the S gene locus determines pollen/pistil compatibility traits

134
Q

angiosperm embryos undergo

A

development in a series of stages known as embryogenesis

135
Q

when did embryogenesis come onto the scene?

A

230 years after gymnosperms

136
Q

flowers are critical innovations that make….

A

genome duplication possible

137
Q

early flowers had what kind of stamens?

A

broad leaf-shaped structures

138
Q

these broad-leafed stamens evolved into what?

A

narrowly shaped filaments and anthers

139
Q

the pistil developed what kind of structures?

A

leaf like structures

140
Q

why is the pistil folded?

A

to protect ovules

141
Q

whole genome replication events:

A

opening opportunities for descent by evolution

142
Q

how many plants are polyploid?

A

40-70%

143
Q

plants can obtain mitochondrial genes from other species by what?

A

horizontal gene transfer

144
Q

what are monocots and dicots named for?

A

differences in embryonic leaves called a cotyledon

145
Q

are monocots and dicots similar?

A

no, they have a lot of differences

146
Q

flower diversification can also be explained by

A

co-evolving with pollinators

147
Q

fused petals

A

floral tubes that accumulate nectar for pollinators

148
Q

what are other ways plants get pollinated easier?

A

clustering of flowers in groups, reduction of petals, wind

149
Q

fruits develop from what?

A

ovary walls

150
Q

what are fruits made to do?

A

help disperse the enclosed seeds

151
Q

what are the benefits of having fruit?

A

prevents competition and helps colonization

152
Q

fruits can be adapted to attract

A

animals, wind dispersal, attaching to animal fur, and floating in the water

153
Q

secondary metabolites

A

synthesis of molecules that are not essential for cell structure and growth

154
Q

what are the three types of secondary metabolites?

A

terpenes (ex. rubber), phenolics (ex. cinnamon, cloves) and alkaloids (caffeine, nicotine, clearly the best of the three)

155
Q

what is coevolution?

A

process by which 2 or more species of organisms influence each other’s evolutionary pathway

156
Q

coevolution explains what?

A

the diversity of flowers and fruits

157
Q

constancy or fidelity

A

pollinators visit flower types, precise pollen transfer

158
Q

how do plants attract pollinators?

A

colors, odors, shape, sizes (some flowers like to mimic the female species of bees, it’s kind of like a painting)

159
Q

if pollinators go extinct what might happen to that plant?

A

the plant also goes extinct, or it has to adapt VERY quickly

160
Q

flowers attract birds by doing what?

A

odors, red flowers

161
Q

flowers attract bees by doing what?

A

use the colors blue, purple, yellow, or white, sweet odor

162
Q

how do fruits signal that they’re ready?

A

by making the ripe fruit a different color than an unripe fruit

163
Q

domestication

A

artificial selection for traits humans wants

164
Q

shattering:

A

wild fruit breaks apart to disperse seeds (humans have bred plants to not have this trait so harvest is easier)

165
Q

what is the difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm endosperm?

A

gymnosperm: haploid tissue
angiosperm: a triploid tissue

biology quiz on plants (1 decks)

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