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Biology 204 > BIO 204 > Flashcards

BIO 204 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fact

A

Observation that is repeatedly confirmed.

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Statement about a natural phenomena that can be tested, then supported or denied.

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3
Q

Theory

A

Highly probable, well-tested explanation of a natural phenomena based on observations and experiments.

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4
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation, question, hypotheses, empirical test, conclusion.

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5
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification.

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6
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Founded the field of genetics.

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7
Q

Genetics

A

Explain how traits are passed from parent to offspring.

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

Single strand of DNA, 1000s of genes.

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9
Q

Gene

A

Information that codes for inherited traits. (Position of gene on chromosome = locus).

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10
Q

Genome

A

Collection of genetic information in a cell.

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11
Q

Chromosome Theory

A

Developed by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri. Recognizes the chromosems as genetic material.

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12
Q

How many chromosomes are in humans?

A

46 total chromosomes. (2 pairs of 23).

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13
Q

Gametes

A

1 set of chromosomes. (1n = haploid).

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14
Q

Somatic

A

All chromosomes except for gametes. (2n = diploid).

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15
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acid.

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16
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA + protein (histone).

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17
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Directs cellular functions (protein synthesis) and contains hereditary material (genes).

3 MAIN PARTS:
1) nitrogenous bases - A, T, G, C
2) deoxyribose - sugar
3) phosphate - PO4

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18
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

T- thymine, A - adenine, C - cytosine, G - guanine

(T+A and C+G)

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19
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

Nucleotide base composition vary among species.

%A=%T and %G=%C
%A+%T+%G+%C=100%

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20
Q

Crick and Watson

A

Determined bouble helix structure of DNA using Rosalind Franklin’s DNA photo.

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21
Q

Gene expression

A

Process where DNA dictates proetin synthesis which leads to specific traits.

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22
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable trait. (eye color, hair color, etc.)

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23
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic code for phenotype.

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24
Q

Inherited DNA

A

Programs for synthesis of polypeptide that contribute to proteins.

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25
Q

Transcription

A

Making of RNA from DNA, takes place in eukaryotes.

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26
Q

Translation

A

Making of popypeptide protein from RNA, takes place in cytoplasm. Performed by RNA and ribosome. (U replaces T).

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27
Q

Codon

A

Triplet code of nucleotides to code one amino acid in mRNA. (ex. AAA, UAU, GCG)

3 letter words to make RNA language

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28
Q

Mutation

A

Changes to genetic code that are responsible for the production of new genes.

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29
Q

Allele

A

New mutated version of a gene.

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30
Q

Point mutation

A

Change of single nucleotide base.

2 types: subsitution (CAG –> CTG), insertion and deletion (CAG –> CAAG or CG)

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31
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in genotype, no change in phenotype.

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32
Q

Missense mutation

A

Change in genotype leading to a change in the amino acid.

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33
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Change in genotype that codes a stop codon –> nonfunctional protein as a result.

like a period in the middle of a sentence

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34
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Insertions/deletions that throw off the triplet reading frame.

ex. AUG TAC CCA –> A UGT ACC CA

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35
Q

Modern definition of evolution

A

Change in allele frequency within a poplation from one generation to the next.

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36
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Laws of chemisty and physics have remained the same thoughout all of Earth’s history.

the present is the key to the past

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37
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

Naturalist, argued inheritance of required characteristics.

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38
Q

HMS Beagle

A

Voyage Darwin went on to the Galapagos where he developed his theory of natural selection.

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39
Q

Natural selection

A

Heritable traits beneficial to survival are slected and become more common in a population.

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40
Q

Darwin’s Postulates (reworded)

A
  1. Mutations generate new genotypes phenotypic variation
  2. Individuals pass their genes to offspring heritable
  3. Some individuals with favorable phenotypes are more able to pass their genes to the next generation (“fitness”) adaptation increases fitness
  4. Individuals that survive have genotypes that code for phenotypes that best adapt them to the environment nonrandom
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41
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to survive in environment, determined by environment, quantifiable but relative among individuals.

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42
Q

Agents of natural selection

A

Predator/prey, competition for resources, disease and arasites, mating opputunities (sexual selection).

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43
Q

Mechanisms for change in allele frequency:

A

Mutation, migration, genetic drift, natural selection.

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44
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random sampling error over generations.

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45
Q

Gene flow (migration)

A

Genes move from one population to another.

46
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

Sharp reduction in population size due to environment events, leads to genetic drift.

47
Q

Founder effect

A

Small population breaks off from one another.

48
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolution within a single population.

49
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution above the species level, caused by speciation.

50
Q

Speciation

A

Process by which new species arise.

51
Q

Species

A

Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural population which are reproductivley isolated

^Biological Species Concept

52
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Barriers that impede members from producting viable and fertile offspring.

53
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

Before fertilization

habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behaviroal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation.

54
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

After fertilization

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown.

55
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Occurs in small population that are physically isolated.

Caused by dispersion (indiviuals migrate) or vicariance (physical barrier).

56
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Continuous population, no geographic isolation.

Caused by low gene flow –> segments of population become reproductivley isolated.

57
Q

Systematics

A

Study of biodiversity and classification of organisms.

Phylogentic systemics: include common ancestory.

58
Q

Taxonomy

A

Ordering and naming of organisms.

Description, identification, nomenclature, classification

59
Q

Taxon

A

Any named group of organisms.

60
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Two word naming system for species.

“genus species” – ex. Homo spaiens

61
Q

Overall similarity

A

Grouping method to classify species.

62
Q

Homology

A

Similar traits in organisms derived from a common ancestor.

63
Q

Homoplasy

A

Silimar traits due to functionality, not ancestory.

Leads to convergant evolution.

64
Q

Convergant evolution

A

Similarity in traits independent of ancestory.

65
Q

Fossil

A

Any evidence of past life, reveal perpetual changes.

Relative age: closest to surfafce = youngest
Absolute age: radiometric dating, constance decay rates

66
Q

Homeotic genes

A

Genes that regulate development of anatomical structure.

67
Q

Cladogram

A

Branching diagram of ancestors and decendants.

68
Q

Apomorphy

A

New trait in a taxa.

69
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Trait shared in 2 or more taxa.

70
Q

3 Clades of Life

A

Bacteria, archea, eukarya

71
Q

Monophyletic group

A

Group with an ancestor and all of its decendants.

72
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Group with an ancestor and some decendants.

73
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archea

  • lack nuclei, membrane-enclosed organelles, cytoskeletons
  • have circulare chromosomes
74
Q

Bacteria traits

A

1) Important for human and animal welfare
2) Used for biotechnology, fermentation, digestion
3) Bacteria are pathogens – cause dieases

75
Q

Archea traits

A

1) Live in extreme environment (extremophiles)

76
Q

Morphological shapes

A

Cocci (circular), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spiral

77
Q

Cell wall compositions

A

Bacteria cells walls have peptidoglycan.
Archea cell walls lack peptidoglycan.
Eukaryote call walls have cellulose/chitin.

78
Q

Gram staining

A

Used to identify bacteria based on peptidoglycan content.

79
Q

Gram positive

A

Traps crystal violet, peptidoglycan on surface.

80
Q

Gram negative

A

Does not trap crystal violet, peptidoglycan deeper.

81
Q

Capsule

A

Protein layer covering most prokaryotes, protects cells from being consumed and dehydrated.

82
Q

Prokaryotic reproduction

A

Very samll, reproduce by binary fission, short generation time (about 20 mins.).

83
Q

Aerobic

A

Require oxygen.

84
Q

Anarobic

A

Require obsence of oxygen.

85
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Must have oxygen.

86
Q

Obligate anarobes

A

Oxygen is poisonous (uses fermentation instead).

87
Q

Facultative anarobes

A

Can survive with or without oxygen.

88
Q

Phototrophs

A

Obtain energy from light.

89
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Obtain energy from chemicals.

90
Q

Autotrophs

A

Require CO2 as carbon source.

91
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Require organic nutrients as carbon source.

92
Q

Hierarchy of biological organisms (least to most complex)

A

Molecule, organelle, cell, tissues, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem.

93
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organisms with membrane bound organelles, membrane bound nuclueus, and linear DNA.

94
Q

Theory of Endosymbiosis

A

Aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotes are engulfed by large anarobic prokaryotes and become mitochondria and chloroplasts.

By Lynn Margulis

95
Q

4 Eukarya Supergourps

A

Excavata, SAR clade, archaeplastida, unikonta.

96
Q

Protists

A

Mostly unicellular aukaryotes, symbiotic, nutritionally diverse:
- phototrophs
- autotrophs
- mixotrophs

97
Q

“Seaweed”

A

Multicellurlar, photosynthetic, autotrophic producers.
ex. red algae, brown algae, gold algae

98
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Multicellular plants and gree algae.

99
Q

Fungi

A

Unicellular or multicellular, decomposers, eukaryotes (unikonta group), very diverse, cell walls made of chitin.

100
Q

Saprobes

A

Living off of dead/decaying organic material.

101
Q

Importance of fungi

A

1) decomposers – break down organic material, cellulose, lignin
2) mutualistic symbionts – mycorrhizae, endophytes
3) parasites/pathogens
4) economically useful

102
Q

Fungal structure

A

Hyphae: thin string in body of fungi
Mycellium: network of hyphae thoughout the fungi

103
Q

Septate hyphae

A

Hyphae with nuclei, pores, and septum.

the divided hyphae

104
Q

Coenocytic hyphae

A

Hyphae with a cell wall and nuclei.

the undivided hyphae

105
Q

Fungal reproduction

A

Sexual (with fusion) or asexual (without fusion), both with spores.

106
Q

Spores

A

Haploid cell that can germinate to produce a multicellular individual without fusion.

107
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Mycellium –> spore production –> germination

108
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Mycellium –> plasmogamy –> heterokaryotic stage –> karyogomy –> zygote –> meiosis –> spore production –> germination

109
Q

Fungi taxa

A

Chytrids, zoopagomycetes, mucoromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes.

Main apomorphies: All have chitin and absorbative nutrition.

110
Q

Chytrids

A

Have zoospores (flagella), aquatic saprobes/parasites, may cause chytidiomycosis.

111
Q

Zoopyomycetes and Mucoromycetes

A

Live in soil, parasitize on insects, reproduce sexually (zygosprangia) or asexually (sporangia).

112
Q

Ascomycetes

A

Have ascus (sacs) with ascospores, uncicellular or multicellular, resproduce sexually (ascocarps) or asexually (conidia).

Biology 204 (1 decks)

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