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Bio 204 (Plant bio) > Bio 204 > Flashcards

Bio 204 Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy involves two
things:

A
  • classification
  • nomenclature
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2
Q

How found plant taxonomy?

A

Carl Linnaeus: in 1753

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3
Q

What the two parts of the naming
system are?

A

Genus and species

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4
Q

What are the taxonomic categories?

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum (or Division)
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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5
Q

Plants are broken down into what?

A

Vascular plants and non-vascular plants

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6
Q

Examples of non-vascular plants

A

Mosses and liverworts

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7
Q

Vascular plants break into what?

A

Plants with seeds and seedless plants

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8
Q

Examples of seedless plants

A

Ferns, horse tails, and club mosses

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9
Q

Plants with seeds break into what?

A

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

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10
Q

Examples od gymnosperms

A

Pine trees and fir trees

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11
Q

Angiosperms break into what?

A

Monocots and Dicots

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12
Q

Examples of monocots

A

Grasses, lilies, palm tree, gingko trees, tulips, and daffodils

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13
Q

Examples of Dicots

A

Flowers, vegetables, and deciduous trees

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14
Q

Homology

A

Homologous structures share a common ancestry, but not necessarily a common function.

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15
Q

Analogy

A

Analogous structures share a common function, but do not share a common ancestry

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16
Q

What is Cladistics?

A

A method that seeks to
understand phylogenetic
relationships. Focus is on the branching of
one lineage from another
through evolution

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17
Q

Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) or
Plant Hormones

A

-Synthesized at several different locations and may be transported through
tissues to activity site, or may act within the tissues they’re produced in
* Induce a chemical response controlling specific physiological event
* Can be stimulators or inhibitors
* PGRs active in very small quantities
* Same PGR can elicit different responses in different tissues or at different times
of development in same tissue

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18
Q

Six classes of PGRs:

A
  • Auxins
  • Cytokinins
  • Ethylene
  • Abscisic acid
  • Gibberellins
  • Brassinosteroids
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19
Q

Auxins

A
  • Induction and arrangement of leaves (phyllotaxis!)
  • Apical dominance
  • In woody plants, promotion of activity of vascular
    cambium (secondary xylem)
  • Promotion of lateral and adventitious roots
  • Promotion of fruit development
  • Used to kill weeds (mechanism unknown!)
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20
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

Unfortunate name, as ABA now appears to have no direct role in abscission
* Growth inhibitor in dormant buds
* Exogenous (external) applications of abscisic acid (ABA) may inhibit plant
growth, but the hormone also seems to act as a promoter (for instance, of
storage-protein synthesis in seeds).
* Water stress or deficiency
* Roots respond by increasing ABA biosynthesis – releasing it into xylem –
rapidly moves to leaves
* In leaves – stomata respond by closing – reducing water lost by transpiration
* Mutant plants - incapable of synthesizing ABA - show wilting phenotype
* Promote resistance to pathogens by inhibiting their entry via stomata

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21
Q

Cytokinins

A

Cytokinin/auxin ratio regulates production of roots
and shoots in tissue cultures
* Applied to undifferentiated plant cells:
* Kinetin alone has little or no effect
* Auxin + kinetin = rapid cell division: many small,
undifferentiated cells are formed
In most plants – leaves begin to turn
yellow as soon as removed from plant
* Yellowing – due to loss of chlorophyll –
can be delayed by cytokinins

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22
Q

Ethylene

A

-Inhibitory effect on cell expansion
* Promotes rapid stem growth - some semi-aquatic
species (ex: rice)
* Responsible for many of fruit ripening processes
* Promotes abscission of leaves, flowers, and fruits

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23
Q

Gibberellins

A

Dramatic effects on stem and leaf elongation in intact
plants by stimulating both cell division and cell elongation
* GA stimulates production of hydrolytic enzymes
* Enzymes break down starches to sugars and amino acids
* Promote growth of roots and shoots (seed germination)

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24
Q

Brassinosteroids

A

Required for normal plant growth
* Mutants lacking the hormone show smaller and fewer cells
* Aids in tracheary element differentiation

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25
Root Functions
- absorption * conduction (phloem, xylem) * anchorage * storage (carrot, sugar beet, potato) * asexual reproduction (root buds) * air transport (submerged willow)
26
Types of roots
Taproot and Fibrous
27
Describe a taproot
- eudicots - Forms from strongly developed primary root (from embryo) - Grows directly downward - Gives rise to lateral roots * Older lateral roots are near base of root (by stem)
28
Describe a fibrous root
- monocots - Primary root is short-lived - Stem-borne roots (adventitious) and their lateral roots - No one root is more prominent
29
Three regions of root development
-cell division - cell elongation - maturation
30
Zone of Maturation
- cell differentiation - Protoderm - Ground Meristem - Provascular
31
Zone of Cell Elongation
- cell expansion - No root hairs! (They happen in the zone of maturation)
32
Zone of Cell Division
- new cells by mitosis
33
* Root apical meristem (RAM) produces 1° meristems:
- protoderm - ground meristem - procambium
34
Border cells
- protection of the apical meristem from infection - maintenance of intimate root-soil contact - mobilization of essential elements for uptake by the roots - short-term protection from drying out (desiccation) - specific attraction or repulsion of bacteria - decreased frictional resistance for the growing root
35
Epidermis of roots
* Lacks a cuticle * Absorbing tissue in young roots * Uptake facilitated by root hairs o Tubular extensions of epidermal cells * Mycorrhizal associaitons
36
Cortex of the root
- Greatest area of root mass * Shed early if plant undergoes much secondary growth (trees) * In many monocots and herbaceous eudicots: cortex is retained (secondary cell walls may become lignified) * Intercellular spaces: air essential for root aeration * Protoplasts connected by plasmodesmata
37
casparian strip
- impart hydrophobic property to specific regions * Suberin and sometimes lignin in spaces usually occupied by water on radial and transverse primary walls
38
Three main environmental situations requiring behaviour?
1. Acquisition of food 2. Dealing with predation or disease 3. Finding mates or reproduction
39
Gravitropsim
The growth of roots and shoots toward or away from the direction of gravity
40
Thigmotropism
* A directional response to contact with a solid object * Roots can navigate around rocks and other roots * Shoots of climbing plants can wrap around structures for support Cells touching the support shorten; cells elongate on the other side * Mechanism may involve auxin (uncertain) * Tendrils can store “memory” of tactile stimulation
41
Heliotropism: Solar tracking
* Orient leaves perpendicular or parallel to sun’s rays
42
Pulvinus
Pulvinar movement is associated with changes in turgor and associated contractions & expansions of ground parenchyma (motor cells) on opposite sides of the pulvinus
43
Nastic Movements
* Occur in response to a stimulus, with a direction of movement independent of the position of the stimulus * Nyctinastic movements: sleep movements
44
Types of Defenses
* Chemical * Leaf shedding, cell death - Thigmonasty * Mechanical/morphological * Camouflage and Mimicry
45
Thigmonasty
* Nastic movements resulting from mechanical stimulation - When the plant is touched it reacts, like closes it leaves etc.
46
Mechanical Defense
eg. Venus fly trap
47
Cell Morphology
- Cutin - Waxes * Suberin
48
Morphological Defense
* Physical/Morphological adaptation * Ex. Glandular trichomes * Prickles, spikes
49
Chemical defense
- Latex
50
Macronutrients (9)
C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Mg
51
Micronutrients (8)
B, Cu, Cl, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Ni
52
If a plant receives too much nutrients, what is it called?
Plant Toxicity
53
Where does the plant get C,H,O?
From the Air & Water
54
Nitrogen
- N Deficiency: * Light green or yellowish foliage (on oldest leaves first) * Slower, stunted growth * Shedding of older leaves (in some plants) - Excess N: * Excessive vegetative growth * Falling over * Poor flowering & fruit set
55
Phosphorous
- P Deficiency: * reduced growth * poor root systems * reduced flowering * thin stems * browning or purpling of foliage * Overall stunted plant; mimics other problems, difficult to diagnose * Severe: leaves, fruit & stems may develop dead areas * Older leaves affected first (P moves to growing part of plant) * Purple or reddish colour in corn plants
56
Potassium (K)
* Mined as a rock and made into a fertilizer – can be leached * Deficiency signs: * reduced growth * shortened internodes * some burn * scorched marks (brown leaves) * Too much K can cause nitrogen deficiency Soil Relations - Present in large amounts in mineral soil - Low in organic soils * Plant Functions - Activator of many enzymes - Regulation of water movement across membranes and through stomata (Guard cell functions)
57
Calcium (Ca)
1) Soil Relations - Present in large quantities in earth’s surface (~1% in US top soils) - Influences availability of other ions from soil 2) Plant Functions - Component of cell wall - Involved in cell membrane function - Largely present as calcium pectate in middle lamella Calcium pectate is immobile in plant tissues 3) Deficiency and Toxicity - Deficiency symptoms in young leaves and new shoots (Ca is immobile) Stunted growth, leaf distortion, necrotic spots, shoot tip death Blossom-end rot in tomato
58
Sulfur (S)
1) Soil Relations - Present in mineral pyrite (FeS2, fool’s gold), sulfides (S-mineral complex), sulfates (involving SO4 -2) - Mostly contained in organic matter - Acid rain provides sulfur 2) Plant Functions - Component of amino acids (methionine, cysteine) - Constituent of coenzymes and vitamins - Responsible for pungency and flavour (onion, garlic, mustard) 3) Deficiency and Toxicity - Deficiency: light green or yellowing on new growth (S is immobile) - Toxicity: not commonly seen
59
Magnesium (Mg)
1) Soil Relations - Present in soil as an exchangeable cation (Mg2+) - Similar to Ca2+ as a cation 2) Plant Functions - Core component of chlorophyll molecule - Catalyst for certain enzyme activity 3) Deficiency and Toxicity - Deficiency: Interveinal chlorosis on mature leaves (Mg is highly mobile) - Excess: Causes deficiency symptoms of Ca, K
60
Iron (Fe)
* Component of cytochromes (needed for photosynthesis) * Essential for N fixation (nitrate reductase) and respiration * Deficiency * Symptom: Interveinal chlorosis on new growth * Iron chlorosis develops when soil pH is high * Lower soil pH * Iron is in more useful form (Fe2+)
61
Manganese (Mn)
* Required for chlorophyll synthesis, O2 evolution during photosynthesis * Activates some enzyme systems * Deficiency: * Mottled chlorosis between main veins of new leaves * (Mn is immobile), similar to Fe chlorosis * Toxicity: Chlorosis on new growth with small, numerous dark spots * Deficiency occurs at high pH * Toxicity occurs at low pH
62
Boron (B)
* Involved in carbohydrate metabolism * Essential for flowering, pollen germination, N metabolism * Deficiency: * New growth distorted and malformed, flowering and fruitset depressed, roots tubers distorted * Toxicity: Twig die back, fruit splitting, leaf edge burns
63
Zinc (Zn)
* Involved in protein synthesis, IAA synthesis * Deficiency: (occurs in calcarious soil and high pH) * Growth suppression, reduced internode lengths, rosetting, interveinal chlorosis on young leaves (Zn is immobile in tissues) * Toxicity: (occurs at low pH) Growth reduction, leaf chlorosis
64
Molybdenum (Mo)
* Required for nitrate reductase activity, vitamin synthesis * Root-nodule bacteria also requires Mo * Deficiency: * Pale green, cupped young leaves (Mo is immobile) * Strap leafe in broad leaf plants Occurs at low pH * Toxicity: Chlorosis with orange color pigmentation
65
Copper (Cu)
Essential component of several enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism * Deficiency: * Rosette or ‘witch’s broom’ * Toxicity: Chlorosis
66
Dendrology:
- the study of the characteristics of trees, shrubs, lianas, and other woody plants
67
BUDS
* Undeveloped or embryonic shoot * Normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem * Contain apical meristems * Primary growth * May be dormant or form a shoot immediately * Each bud has the potential to form shoots * May produce vegetative or reproductive shoots
68
Lateral or Axillary buds:
- along a twig in the axils of the previous season’s leaves; located at the intersection of the leaf and stem.
69
Pseudoterminal buds:
- lateral bud that is now on apical end of twig due to dieback
70
Accessory buds
buds growing near and in addition to a normal axillary bud
71
Collateral buds
-accessory buds arranged on either side of a lateral bud
72
Superposed lateral buds
- accessory buds arranged above a lateral bud
73
Two main types of branching:
* Monopodial * Sympodial
74
Monopodial Branching:
- Buds do not degrade; all shoots continue to grow * One central axis & its terminal meristem dominate growth: stem elongates via new growth produced by a single terminal bud * Creates a conical (spruce-like) crown * More primitive than sympodial * Some monopodial trees may die if terminal bud is damaged
75
Sympodial Branching
- Terminal buds degrade * A single stem is elongated by growth by successive lateral buds that take over the role of the shoot apex (terminal bud) * One branch in each fork dominates, with the dominant branch alternating
76
Dichotomous Branching
- more ancestral mode of branching * every branch splits into two * growing tip forks into two branches; each continues growth with repeated forking * frequent in lycopods and some other Pteridophyta
77
REACTION WOOD
In most angiosperms reaction wood is called tension wood. * Tension wood forms on the side of the part of the plant that is under tension, pulling it towards the affecting force (upwards, in the case of a branch). * It has a higher proportion of cellulose than normal wood. Tension wood may have as high as 60% cellulose In gymnosperms and amborella it is called compression wood. * Compression wood forms on the side of the plant that is under compression, thereby lengthening/straightening the bend. * Compression wood has a higher proportion of lignin than normal wood. It has only about 30% cellulose compared to 42% in normal softwood. Its lignin content can be as high as 40%
78
Plants with NO Secondary Growth
* Most monocots * Some herbaceous eudicots * Annuals & biennials * Seldom become woody * May have limited secondary growth
79
Plants with Secondary Growth
* Woody plants * Secondary tissues added to older plant parts (no longer elongating) via lateral meristems * Gymnosperms * Woody euidicots * Woody magnoliids
80
Secondary Growth
derived from secondary or lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and cork cambium, that results in an increase in girth
81
* Secondary Plant Body
parts of the plant body produced by vascular cambium and cork cambium (secondary meristems); consists of secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and periderm.
82
Vascular Cambium:
a cylindrical sheath of meristematic cells that divides to produce secondary phloem and secondary xylem
83
* Cork Cambium
the lateral meristem that forms the periderm, producing cork (phellum) toward the surface of the plant and phelloderm toward the inside. Common in stems and roots of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms.
84
Periderm
outer protective tissue that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth; includes cork, cork cambium and phelloderm.
85
Periderm
* The dermal tissue of the secondary plant body * Replaces epidermis as protective covering
86
* Cork (phellem)
– protective tissue formed to the outside by the cork cambium
86
* Cork cambium (phellogen)
– meristem that produces the periderm
86
* Phelloderm
– tissue that resembles cortical parenchyma, formed to the inside by the cork cambium
87

Bio 204 (Plant bio) (1 decks)

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