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Bio 204 (Plant bio) > Bio 204 > Flashcards

Bio 204 Flashcards

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1
Q

Taxonomy involves two
things:

A
  • classification
  • nomenclature
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2
Q

How found plant taxonomy?

A

Carl Linnaeus: in 1753

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3
Q

What the two parts of the naming
system are?

A

Genus and species

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4
Q

What are the taxonomic categories?

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum (or Division)
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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5
Q

Plants are broken down into what?

A

Vascular plants and non-vascular plants

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6
Q

Examples of non-vascular plants

A

Mosses and liverworts

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7
Q

Vascular plants break into what?

A

Plants with seeds and seedless plants

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8
Q

Examples of seedless plants

A

Ferns, horse tails, and club mosses

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9
Q

Plants with seeds break into what?

A

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

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10
Q

Examples od gymnosperms

A

Pine trees and fir trees

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11
Q

Angiosperms break into what?

A

Monocots and Dicots

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12
Q

Examples of monocots

A

Grasses, lilies, palm tree, gingko trees, tulips, and daffodils

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13
Q

Examples of Dicots

A

Flowers, vegetables, and deciduous trees

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14
Q

Homology

A

Homologous structures share a common ancestry, but not necessarily a common function.

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15
Q

Analogy

A

Analogous structures share a common function, but do not share a common ancestry

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16
Q

What is Cladistics?

A

A method that seeks to
understand phylogenetic
relationships. Focus is on the branching of
one lineage from another
through evolution

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17
Q

Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) or
Plant Hormones

A

-Synthesized at several different locations and may be transported through
tissues to activity site, or may act within the tissues they’re produced in
* Induce a chemical response controlling specific physiological event
* Can be stimulators or inhibitors
* PGRs active in very small quantities
* Same PGR can elicit different responses in different tissues or at different times
of development in same tissue

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18
Q

Six classes of PGRs:

A
  • Auxins
  • Cytokinins
  • Ethylene
  • Abscisic acid
  • Gibberellins
  • Brassinosteroids
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19
Q

Auxins

A
  • Induction and arrangement of leaves (phyllotaxis!)
  • Apical dominance
  • In woody plants, promotion of activity of vascular
    cambium (secondary xylem)
  • Promotion of lateral and adventitious roots
  • Promotion of fruit development
  • Used to kill weeds (mechanism unknown!)
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20
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

Unfortunate name, as ABA now appears to have no direct role in abscission
* Growth inhibitor in dormant buds
* Exogenous (external) applications of abscisic acid (ABA) may inhibit plant
growth, but the hormone also seems to act as a promoter (for instance, of
storage-protein synthesis in seeds).
* Water stress or deficiency
* Roots respond by increasing ABA biosynthesis – releasing it into xylem –
rapidly moves to leaves
* In leaves – stomata respond by closing – reducing water lost by transpiration
* Mutant plants - incapable of synthesizing ABA - show wilting phenotype
* Promote resistance to pathogens by inhibiting their entry via stomata

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21
Q

Cytokinins

A

Cytokinin/auxin ratio regulates production of roots
and shoots in tissue cultures
* Applied to undifferentiated plant cells:
* Kinetin alone has little or no effect
* Auxin + kinetin = rapid cell division: many small,
undifferentiated cells are formed
In most plants – leaves begin to turn
yellow as soon as removed from plant
* Yellowing – due to loss of chlorophyll –
can be delayed by cytokinins

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22
Q

Ethylene

A

-Inhibitory effect on cell expansion
* Promotes rapid stem growth - some semi-aquatic
species (ex: rice)
* Responsible for many of fruit ripening processes
* Promotes abscission of leaves, flowers, and fruits

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23
Q

Gibberellins

A

Dramatic effects on stem and leaf elongation in intact
plants by stimulating both cell division and cell elongation
* GA stimulates production of hydrolytic enzymes
* Enzymes break down starches to sugars and amino acids
* Promote growth of roots and shoots (seed germination)

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24
Q

Brassinosteroids

A

Required for normal plant growth
* Mutants lacking the hormone show smaller and fewer cells
* Aids in tracheary element differentiation

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25
Q

Root Functions

A
  • absorption
  • conduction (phloem, xylem)
  • anchorage
  • storage (carrot, sugar beet, potato)
  • asexual reproduction (root buds)
  • air transport (submerged willow)
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26
Q

Types of roots

A

Taproot and Fibrous

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27
Q

Describe a taproot

A
  • eudicots
  • Forms from strongly developed primary root
    (from embryo)
  • Grows directly downward
  • Gives rise to lateral roots
  • Older lateral roots are near base of root
    (by stem)
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28
Q

Describe a fibrous root

A
  • monocots
  • Primary root is short-lived
  • Stem-borne roots (adventitious) and their
    lateral roots
  • No one root is more prominent
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29
Q

Three regions of root development

A

-cell division
- cell elongation
- maturation

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30
Q

Zone of Maturation

A
  • cell differentiation
  • Protoderm
  • Ground Meristem
  • Provascular
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31
Q

Zone of Cell Elongation

A
  • cell expansion
  • No root hairs! (They happen in the zone of maturation)
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32
Q

Zone of Cell Division

A
  • new cells by mitosis
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33
Q
  • Root apical meristem (RAM) produces 1° meristems:
A
  • protoderm
  • ground meristem
  • procambium
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34
Q

Border cells

A
  • protection of the apical meristem from infection
  • maintenance of intimate root-soil contact
  • mobilization of essential elements for uptake by the roots
  • short-term protection from drying out (desiccation)
  • specific attraction or repulsion of bacteria
  • decreased frictional resistance for the growing root
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35
Q

Epidermis of roots

A
  • Lacks a cuticle
  • Absorbing tissue in young roots
  • Uptake facilitated by root hairs
    o Tubular extensions of epidermal cells
  • Mycorrhizal associaitons
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36
Q

Cortex of the root

A
  • Greatest area of root mass
  • Shed early if plant undergoes much secondary growth
    (trees)
  • In many monocots and herbaceous eudicots: cortex is
    retained (secondary cell walls may become lignified)
  • Intercellular spaces: air essential for root aeration
  • Protoplasts connected by plasmodesmata
37
Q

casparian strip

A
  • impart
    hydrophobic property to specific regions
  • Suberin and sometimes lignin in spaces
    usually occupied by water on radial and
    transverse primary walls
38
Q

Three main environmental situations
requiring behaviour?

A
  1. Acquisition of food
  2. Dealing with predation or disease
  3. Finding mates or reproduction
39
Q

Gravitropsim

A

The growth of roots and shoots toward or away from the direction of gravity

40
Q

Thigmotropism

A
  • A directional response to contact with a
    solid object
  • Roots can navigate around rocks and
    other roots
  • Shoots of climbing plants can wrap
    around structures for support
    Cells touching the support shorten; cells
    elongate on the other side
  • Mechanism may involve auxin
    (uncertain)
  • Tendrils can store “memory” of tactile
    stimulation
41
Q

Heliotropism: Solar tracking

A
  • Orient leaves perpendicular or parallel to sun’s rays
42
Q

Pulvinus

A

Pulvinar movement is associated with changes in
turgor and associated contractions & expansions of
ground parenchyma (motor cells) on opposite sides
of the pulvinus

43
Q

Nastic Movements

A
  • Occur in response to a stimulus, with a direction of movement
    independent of the position of the stimulus
  • Nyctinastic movements: sleep movements
44
Q

Types of Defenses

A
  • Chemical
  • Leaf shedding, cell death
  • Thigmonasty
  • Mechanical/morphological
  • Camouflage and Mimicry
45
Q

Thigmonasty

A
  • Nastic movements resulting from mechanical stimulation
  • When the plant is touched it reacts, like closes it leaves etc.
46
Q

Mechanical Defense

A

eg. Venus fly trap

47
Q

Cell Morphology

A
  • Cutin
  • Waxes
  • Suberin
48
Q

Morphological Defense

A
  • Physical/Morphological adaptation
  • Ex. Glandular trichomes
  • Prickles, spikes
49
Q

Chemical defense

A
  • Latex
50
Q

Macronutrients (9)

A

C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Mg

51
Q

Micronutrients (8)

A

B, Cu, Cl, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Ni

52
Q

If a plant receives too much nutrients, what is it called?

A

Plant Toxicity

53
Q

Where does the plant get C,H,O?

A

From the Air & Water

54
Q

Nitrogen

A
  • N Deficiency:
  • Light green or yellowish foliage
    (on oldest leaves first)
  • Slower, stunted growth
  • Shedding of older leaves (in
    some plants)
  • Excess N:
  • Excessive vegetative growth
  • Falling over
  • Poor flowering & fruit set
55
Q

Phosphorous

A
  • P Deficiency:
  • reduced growth
  • poor root systems
  • reduced flowering
  • thin stems
  • browning or purpling of foliage
  • Overall stunted plant; mimics other
    problems, difficult to diagnose
  • Severe: leaves, fruit & stems may
    develop dead areas
  • Older leaves affected first (P moves
    to growing part of plant)
  • Purple or reddish colour in corn plants
56
Q

Potassium (K)

A
  • Mined as a rock and made
    into a fertilizer – can be
    leached
  • Deficiency signs:
  • reduced growth
  • shortened internodes
  • some burn
  • scorched marks (brown leaves)
  • Too much K can cause
    nitrogen deficiency
    Soil Relations
  • Present in large amounts
    in mineral soil
  • Low in organic soils
  • Plant Functions
  • Activator of many enzymes
  • Regulation of water movement across membranes and through stomata
    (Guard cell functions)
57
Q

Calcium (Ca)

A

1) Soil Relations
- Present in large quantities in earth’s surface (~1% in US top soils)
- Influences availability of other ions from soil
2) Plant Functions
- Component of cell wall
- Involved in cell membrane function
- Largely present as calcium pectate in middle lamella
Calcium pectate is immobile in plant tissues
3) Deficiency and Toxicity
- Deficiency symptoms in young leaves and new shoots (Ca is
immobile)
Stunted growth, leaf distortion, necrotic spots, shoot tip death
Blossom-end rot in tomato

58
Q

Sulfur (S)

A

1) Soil Relations
- Present in mineral pyrite (FeS2, fool’s gold), sulfides (S-mineral complex),
sulfates (involving SO4
-2)
- Mostly contained in organic matter
- Acid rain provides sulfur
2) Plant Functions
- Component of amino acids (methionine, cysteine)
- Constituent of coenzymes and vitamins
- Responsible for pungency and flavour (onion, garlic, mustard)
3) Deficiency and Toxicity
- Deficiency: light green or yellowing on new growth (S is immobile)
- Toxicity: not commonly seen

59
Q

Magnesium (Mg)

A

1) Soil Relations
- Present in soil as an exchangeable cation (Mg2+)
- Similar to Ca2+ as a cation
2) Plant Functions
- Core component of chlorophyll molecule
- Catalyst for certain enzyme activity
3) Deficiency and Toxicity
- Deficiency: Interveinal chlorosis on mature leaves
(Mg is highly mobile)
- Excess: Causes deficiency symptoms of Ca, K

60
Q

Iron (Fe)

A
  • Component of cytochromes (needed for
    photosynthesis)
  • Essential for N fixation (nitrate reductase) and
    respiration
  • Deficiency
  • Symptom: Interveinal chlorosis on new growth
  • Iron chlorosis develops when soil pH is high
  • Lower soil pH
  • Iron is in more useful form (Fe2+)
61
Q

Manganese (Mn)

A
  • Required for chlorophyll synthesis, O2 evolution during photosynthesis
  • Activates some enzyme systems
  • Deficiency:
  • Mottled chlorosis between main veins of new leaves
  • (Mn is immobile), similar to Fe chlorosis
  • Toxicity: Chlorosis on new growth with small, numerous dark spots
  • Deficiency occurs at high pH
  • Toxicity occurs at low pH
62
Q

Boron (B)

A
  • Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
  • Essential for flowering, pollen germination, N metabolism
  • Deficiency:
  • New growth distorted and malformed, flowering and fruitset depressed, roots
    tubers distorted
  • Toxicity: Twig die back, fruit splitting, leaf edge burns
63
Q

Zinc (Zn)

A
  • Involved in protein synthesis, IAA synthesis
  • Deficiency: (occurs in calcarious soil and high pH)
  • Growth suppression, reduced internode lengths, rosetting, interveinal
    chlorosis on young leaves (Zn is immobile in tissues)
  • Toxicity: (occurs at low pH) Growth reduction, leaf chlorosis
64
Q

Molybdenum (Mo)

A
  • Required for nitrate reductase activity, vitamin
    synthesis
  • Root-nodule bacteria also
    requires Mo
  • Deficiency:
  • Pale green, cupped young leaves (Mo is immobile)
  • Strap leafe in broad leaf plants Occurs at low pH
  • Toxicity: Chlorosis with orange color pigmentation
65
Q

Copper (Cu)

A

Essential component of several enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis,
carbohydrate metabolism
* Deficiency:
* Rosette or ‘witch’s broom’
* Toxicity: Chlorosis

66
Q

Dendrology:

A
  • the study of the
    characteristics of trees, shrubs, lianas,
    and other woody plants
67
Q

BUDS

A
  • Undeveloped or embryonic shoot
  • Normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the
    tip of a stem
  • Contain apical meristems
  • Primary growth
  • May be dormant or form a shoot immediately
  • Each bud has the potential to form shoots
  • May produce vegetative or reproductive shoots
68
Q

Lateral or Axillary buds:

A
  • along a twig in the axils of the previous season’s
    leaves; located at the intersection of the leaf and stem.
69
Q

Pseudoterminal buds:

A
  • lateral bud that is now on apical end of twig
    due to dieback
70
Q

Accessory buds

A

buds growing near and in addition to a normal axillary bud

71
Q

Collateral buds

A

-accessory buds arranged
on either side of a lateral bud

72
Q

Superposed lateral buds

A
  • accessory buds arranged above a lateral bud
73
Q

Two main types of branching:

A
  • Monopodial
  • Sympodial
74
Q

Monopodial Branching:

A
  • Buds do not degrade; all shoots continue to grow
  • One central axis & its terminal meristem dominate growth:
    stem elongates via new growth produced by a single
    terminal bud
  • Creates a conical (spruce-like) crown
  • More primitive than sympodial
  • Some monopodial trees may die if terminal bud is damaged
75
Q

Sympodial Branching

A
  • Terminal buds degrade
  • A single stem is elongated by growth by
    successive lateral buds that take over the
    role of the shoot apex (terminal bud)
  • One branch in each fork dominates, with
    the dominant branch alternating
76
Q

Dichotomous Branching

A
  • more ancestral mode of branching
  • every branch splits into two
  • growing tip forks into two branches; each
    continues growth with repeated forking
  • frequent in lycopods and some other
    Pteridophyta
77
Q

REACTION WOOD

A

In most angiosperms reaction wood is called tension wood.
* Tension wood forms on the side of the part of the
plant that is under tension, pulling it towards the
affecting force (upwards, in the case of a branch).
* It has a higher proportion of cellulose than normal
wood. Tension wood may have as high as 60%
cellulose

In gymnosperms and amborella it is
called compression wood.
* Compression wood forms on the side of the plant
that is under compression, thereby
lengthening/straightening the bend.
* Compression wood has a higher proportion
of lignin than normal wood. It has only about 30%
cellulose compared to 42% in normal softwood. Its
lignin content can be as high as 40%

78
Q

Plants with NO Secondary Growth

A
  • Most monocots
  • Some herbaceous eudicots
  • Annuals & biennials
  • Seldom become woody
  • May have limited secondary growth
79
Q

Plants with Secondary Growth

A
  • Woody plants
  • Secondary tissues added to older plant
    parts (no longer elongating) via lateral
    meristems
  • Gymnosperms
  • Woody euidicots
  • Woody magnoliids
80
Q

Secondary Growth

A

derived from secondary or lateral meristems, the vascular
cambium and cork cambium, that results in an increase in girth

81
Q
  • Secondary Plant Body
A

parts of the plant body produced by vascular cambium and
cork cambium (secondary meristems); consists of secondary xylem, secondary
phloem, and periderm.

82
Q

Vascular Cambium:

A

a cylindrical sheath of meristematic cells that divides to produce
secondary phloem and secondary xylem

83
Q
  • Cork Cambium
A

the lateral meristem that forms the periderm, producing cork
(phellum) toward the surface of the plant and phelloderm toward the inside.
Common in stems and roots of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms.

84
Q

Periderm

A

outer protective tissue that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during
secondary growth; includes cork, cork cambium and phelloderm.

85
Q

Periderm

A
  • The dermal tissue of the secondary plant body
  • Replaces epidermis as protective covering
86
Q
  • Cork (phellem)
A

– protective tissue formed
to the outside by the cork cambium

86
Q
  • Cork cambium (phellogen)
A

– meristem
that produces the periderm

86
Q
  • Phelloderm
A

– tissue that resembles
cortical parenchyma, formed to the inside
by the cork cambium

87
Q
A

Bio 204 (Plant bio) (1 decks)

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