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Bio 201A Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of living organisms?

A 
Order
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Energy processing
Response to environment
Regulation
Evolutionary adaptation
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2
Q

Define: emergent properties

A

properties that emerge as a result of arrangement and interaction of components

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3
Q

Schleiden and Schwann 1839

A

Cell Theory

  • all organisms are made up of cells
  • all existing cells are made up of previously existing cells (Pastuer)
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4
Q

lipid bilayer

A

plasma membrane that surrounds all cells

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5
Q

Define: organelles

A

small structures within a cell that perform a specific function

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6
Q

protoplasm

A

all of the living material in cells

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

contents of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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8
Q

cytosol

A

the semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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9
Q

prokaryotic

A

relatively simple and small do not contain a nucleus, most do not contain other membrane bounded organelles (can still have DNA, not in a nucleus)

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10
Q

eukaryotic

A

contain nucleus, contain other membrane bounded organelles *humans

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11
Q

reductionism

A

reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

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12
Q

systems biology

A

construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems

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13
Q

two kingdoms that are outdated

A

Monera, Protista

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14
Q

three Domain scheme

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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15
Q

Three (and a half) kingdoms

A

Fungi,
Plantae
Animalia
Protists (artificial group)

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16
Q

taxonomy

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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17
Q

Taxonomy of Humans

A 
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo (underlined)
Homo sapiens (underlined)
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18
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

from specific to general

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19
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

from general to specific

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20
Q

Discovery Science

A

describes nature through observation and analysis of data

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21
Q

Correlative Study

A

A Correlative is a procedure used to test a hypothesis through additional observations. Without manipulating an independent variable, it exploits preexisting variation.

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22
Q

Causative Study

A

A Controlled Experiment is a procedure used to test a hypothesis using an Experimental group and one or more control Groups. Scientists manipulate an independent variable and measure the effect on a dependent variable.

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23
Q

Theory

A

a concept that is well supported by evidence and is widely accepted by the scientific community. It is broader than a hypothesis and is supported by much more evidence.

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24
Q

feedback mechanism

A

feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems

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25
negative feedback
output or product of a process slows that process
26
positive feedback
output or product of a process speeds up that process
27
hydrophobic
do not dissolve in water
28
hydrocarbons
do not dissolve in water
29
hydrophilic
do dissolve/interact with water
30
meth-
1
31
eth-
2
32
prop-
3
33
but-
4
34
pent-
5
35
hex-
6
36
hept-
7
37
oct-
8
38
non-
9
39
dec-
10
40
-ane
single bonds
41
-ene
double bonds
42
-yne
tripple bonds
43
organic functional groups
groups of atoms that help determine the identity, solubility, and reactivity of larger molecules
44
hydroxyl
persent in alcohols polar, soluble, and reactive (-OH)
45
carbonyl
``` present in sugars carbon double bonded to oxygen polar, soluble, reactive aldehyde and ketone groups (--C=O) ```
46
aldehyde
oxygen at the end of a chain | -CHO
47
ketone
oxygen in the middle of chain
48
carboxyl
characteristic of organic acids loses hydrogen ion in solution highly polar soluble, reactive (-COOH)
49
amino
present in amines slightly basic polar, soluble, reactive (NH2)
50
phosphate
``` in, organic compounds weak acid often carriers of energy polar, soluble, reactive (-OPO3 2-) ```
51
Sulfhydryl
thiols are compounds with sulfhydryl groups stabilize the structure of proteins reactive, hydrophobic (-SH)
52
methyl
``` not really a functional group but is sometimes included with the functional groups hydrocarbon group often used to tag molecules nonpolar, nomsoluble, not very reactive (-CH3) ```
53
large organic molecules that include carbon
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins | -lipids are included although they are not polymers and some are not very large
54
monomer
single subunit that makes up a polymer
55
polymer
large molecule made of many identical or similar repeating monomers
56
dehydration reaction
formation of a covalent bond between two subunits with the loss of water
57
another name for a dehydration reaction
condensation
58
What is the process of a dehydration reaction?
- one water molecule is lost for each bond formed - loss of -H from one subunit and -OH from another - requires energy and help of enzymes
59
hydrolysis is
breaking of a covalent bond between subunits by the addition of water
60
What is the process of hydrolysis?
- one water molecule is added for each bond that is broken - H added to one subunit and -OH to the other - enzymes speed up hydrolysis - some of the energy stored can be transferred
61
what are carbohydrates?
sugars and polymers of sugars | -used for food and for structure
62
What do carbohydrates contain?
- carbonyl functional group - aldoses (aldahyde functional group) - ketoses (ketone functional group) - often -CH2o groups recurs
63
How do carbohydrates differ?
- #of carbons - functional groups present - spatial arrangement of groups around an asymmetrical carbon
64
monosaccharides
- simple sugars - food calories - carbon skeletons are raw material for synthesis of other organic compounds - usually 3 to 7 carbons (CH2O)x
65
Aldehyde monosaccharide
glucose -C6H12O6 a product of plant photosynthesis (not the primary product)
66
Ketone monosaccharide
fructose-C6H12O6 structural isomer of glucose in honey and corn
67
ribose
monosaccharide - 5 carbon sugar - part of RNA
68
deoxyribose
monosaccharide - 5 carbon sugar - part of DNA
69
disaccharides
-two simple sugars bound by a dehydration reaction
70
glycosidic linkage
-covalent bond between two monosaccharides by dehydration
71
maltose
-glucose+glucose
72
sucrose
glucose + fructose
73
lactose
glucose + galactose
74
polysaccharides
- large carbohydrates made of many simple sugars bonded together by dehydration reactions - often function for food storage or structural support
75
starch
- many glucose units bonded together - helical - may be branched alpha-glucose units - mostly 1-4 linkages of alpha-glucose - we can break bonds apart with enzymes and use as food
76
cellulose
- many glucose units bonded together - not branched - 1 to 4 beta-glucose units - (-OH) on carbon is above the plane of the ring - held together by hydrogen bonds into micro fibrils - structural support in plants, major component of wood
77
What carbohydrate cannot be broken down by most animals, but can by some bacteria and some fungi?
Cellulose
78
glycogen
- many glucose units bonded together | - more branched than a starch
79
alpha-glucose
- linked stored in liver and muscles | - can be broken apart and used for food
80
chitin
- polymer of an amino sugar similar to beta-glucose but with an amino group attached - component of insect exoskeletons - in cell walls of many fungi - cannot be broken down by humans
81
What do lipids do?
- -function in energy storage - insulation of the body - shock absorber to cushion organs - some are hormones - cell membranes
82
What are lipids not?
- polar - soluble - polymers
83
fatty acids
- long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group | - usually 16 to 18 carbons
84
saturated fats
- no double bonds - maximum # of hydrogen - solid at room temperature - in bacon, butter, animal fats - too much is bad for you
85
unsaturated fat
- one or more double bonds (cis double bond kink) - do not have maximum number of hydrogen - liquid at room temperature - in vegetable oil, corn oil - some are essential (linolenic, alpha-linolenic)
86
hydrogenation
- forcing of hydrogen on to unsaturated fatty acids - causes formation of trans-fatty acid molecule with trans double bonds - may be as bad or worse than saturated fats
87
fats
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids by condensation reaction | - ester lenkages
88
example of fats
triglyceride-> triglycerol
89
phospholipids
- glycerol plus two fatty acids - plus an ionic phosphate containing group component of membranes - fatty acids are hydrophobic - ionic phosphate containing group is hydrophobic

Bio 201A (4 decks)

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