Bio 201- final

Question 1

which of the following statement about cells is correct?

Answer 1

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organism are made up of cells

Question 2

to understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. this is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology?

Answer 2

reductionism

Question 3

a double-stranded DNA molecule with 3 guanine and 5 thiamine nucleotides (in 5 3 strand) has how many nucleotides in total?

Answer 3

16 (5+3=8, 8x2=16)

Question 4

ecological organization

Answer 4

organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

Question 5

description of controlled experiment

Answer 5

an experiment includes at least 2 groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment

Question 6

good scientific hypothesis:

Answer 6

should be testable in a valid period of time and falsifiable

Question 7

dependent variable

Answer 7

the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment (the outcome, depends on independent)

Question 8

independent variable

Answer 8

the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test effects on dependent variable

Question 9

all the organisms on your campus make up

Answer 9

a community

Question 10

T or F: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and calcium are the MOST abundant elements of living matter

Answer 10

FALSE: CHON - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen

Question 11

T of F: all life requires the same essential elements

Answer 11

FALSE

Question 12

T or F: some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

How many electrons are present in H- and H+ ions respectively?

Answer 13

2, 0 ( 1 + or -)

Question 14

how many electrons are present in the +2 ionic form of calcium

Answer 14

18 (20-2=18)

Question 15

molybdenum has an atomic # of 42. several common isotopes exist, with mass # from 92-100. based on this info, what is true of molybdenum?

Answer 15

molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons

Question 16

smallest total mass

Answer 16

2 electrons (1 e + 1 n, 1 n + 1 p, 2 n)

Question 17

Oxygen has an atomic # of 8 and, most commonly, a mass # of 16. what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?

Answer 17

approximately 16 daltons

Question 18

how is the bond in F2 different from the bond in KCl?

Answer 18

F2 is covalent (sharing electrons) and KCl is ionic (metal and nonmetal, held together by charge differences)

Question 19

if an atom has a charge of -1 so…

Answer 19

it has one more electron than it does protons

Question 20

which pair of elements is most likely to react if bought together?

Answer 20

sodium and chlorine (positive and negative ions attract each other)

Question 21

a covalent bond is likely to be polar under what conditions?

Answer 21

one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom

Question 22

elements found in 7 of the periodic table contain outer electron shells that are __________; these elements tend to form ________ in solution

Answer 22

almost full; cations

Question 23

what is a compound?

Answer 23

when 2 or more elements chemically combine in a fixed ration by mass (H2O, CH4 but NOT O2

Question 24

explain why argon, which is a noble gas, does not react with other elements

Answer 24

noble gases have completely paired up and stable electron shells

Question 25

A neutral atom has 2, 8, 8 electrons in its first, second and third energy levels. this info...

Answer 25

does not tell us abt the atomic mass of the element

Question 26

to find out the number in an atom, we need to know the following

Answer 26

mass and atomic number

Question 27

under what conditions will an atom be the most stable?

Answer 27

when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled

Question 28

A salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. Therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a ________

Answer 28

surface of hydrocarbons

Question 29

how many electrons participate in a triple covalent bond?

Answer 29

6

Question 30

how is a covalent bond formed?

Answer 30

2 atoms SHARE 2 electrons

Question 31

what is true abt 3H2 +N2 <-> 2NH3

Answer 31

ammonia is being formed and decomposed simultaneously

Question 32

compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has _________

Answer 32

1 more neutron

Question 33

The reactivity of an atom arises from ________

Answer 33

the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell

Question 34

which statement is true of all atoms that are anions?

Answer 34

the atom has more electrons than protons

Question 35

ionic bond is formed between atoms of __________ and __________

Answer 35

metal, non-metal

Question 36

green plant produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis

Answer 36

energy processing

Question 37

a camel has eyelashes that work to keep the dust and sand out of its eyes

Answer 37

adaptation

Question 38

when you step into the cold, your body shivers in order to keep its temperature at 98.6 F

Answer 38

homeostasis

Question 39

what is the difference between polar and non-polar bonds?

Answer 39

non-polar bonds are the sharing of electrons equally between atoms, and polar bonds are sharing electrons unequally between atoms

Question 40

a water molecule is polar bc

Answer 40

oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

Question 41

2 compounds that have the same chemical formula and structure but are mirror images of each other are

Answer 41

enantiomers

Question 42

different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Answer 42

structural isomers

Question 43

same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Answer 43

same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Question 44

functional groups of biology

Answer 44

-CH3 (Methyl Group), -COOH (Carboxyl Group), -NH2 (Amino Group), -OH (hydroxyl Group)

Question 45

what functional group is present in all amino acids?

Answer 45

-NH2

Question 46

Ethanol, propanol and methanol are 3 simple alc. they can be grouped together bc they ______

Answer 46

share the same functional group: a hydroxyl

Question 47

hydroxyl group

Answer 47

-OH - alc, ethanol - should dissolve in water, is polar and makes compounds more soluble in water

Question 48

carbonyl group

Answer 48

>C=O, - Ketone (in between carbon chain) Acetone - Aldehyde (end of carbon chain) Propanal

Question 49

carboxyl group

Answer 49

-COOH - Carboxylic Acid, Acetic Acid - always found in amino acids - behaves as acid by donating hydrogen ions

Question 50

amino group

Answer 50

-NH2 - amine, glycine - always found in amino acids - behaves as base by picking up hydrogen ions

Question 51

Sulfhydryl Group

Answer 51

-SH - thiol, cysteine - helps stabilize protein structure - can release a hydrogen ion when in solution (make acidic)

Question 52

phosphate groups

Answer 52

-OPO3 2- - Organic Phosphate, Glycerol Phosphate - used in cells to transfer energy from one molecule to another (component of ATP) - contributes negative change

Question 53

methyl group

Answer 53

-CH3 - methylated compound, 5-Methyl Cytosine - involved in regulating DNA - hydrophobic in nature

Question 54

if the homogenized cells are fractionated by differential centrifugation, which organelle will require the greatest centrifugation speed to form a pellet at the bottom of the tube?

Answer 54

ribosomes

Question 55

major difference between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cells

Answer 55

eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not

Question 56

what structure is found in plant, animal and bacterial cells

Answer 56

ribosomes

Question 57

the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotic cells

Answer 57

it regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus

Question 58

examination of a cell by transmission electron microscopy reveals a high density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. the cell actively producing large amounts of...

Answer 58

proteins

Question 59

what structure is independent of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells

Answer 59

chloroplast

Question 60

which structure is common to plant and animal cells

Answer 60

mitochondrion

Question 61

a characteristic of biological membranes

Answer 61

phospholipids move laterally within the plane of the membrane

Question 62

what type of molecule is most likely to be excluded from the hydrophobic portion of the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 62

peripheral membrane proteins

Question 63

what type of molecule is most likely to lack hydrophilic domains

Answer 63

cholesterol

Question 64

in what way do the membranes of eukaryotic cell vary

Answer 64

certain proteins are unique to each membrane

Question 65

what type of molecule is likely to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane

Answer 65

small ions

Question 66

a defect in ________ would dramatically reduce the rate of diffusion of water across cell membranes

Answer 66

aquaporins

Question 67

when the interior of a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, what is the relative movement of molecules that can diffuse through the plasma membrane

Answer 67

there is a directed movement of molecules into or out of the cell

Question 68

what will happen to a RBC which has an internal ion content of abt 0.9% if it is placed into a beaker of pure water

Answer 68

the cell will shrink bc the water in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC

Question 69

what would happen if a portion of an animal's blood is replaced with distilled water

Answer 69

the animal's red blood cells will shrivel up bc the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells

Question 70

characteristic activities of a sodium-potassium pump

Answer 70

the pump moves 3 sodium ions out of a cell and 2 potassium ions into a cell using energy from ATP hydrolysis

Question 71

the force driving simple diffusion is ______, while the energy source for active transport is _________

Answer 71

a concentration gradient; ATP hydrolysis

Question 72

what process is used by white blood cells when engulfing bacteria

Answer 72

phagocytosis

Question 73

what is produced when 2 monosaccharides are joined by a covalent bond

Answer 73

polysaccharide

Question 74

analogous to a biological polymer

Answer 74

a pearl strand necklace, an iron chain, a train

Question 75

description of a molecule of glucose

Answer 75

a hexose, an isomer of fructose, an aldose

Question 76

an amino acid is to a protein as a glucose molecule is to

Answer 76

glycogen

Question 77

what features of cooking oil and gasoline identifies why the molecules are NOT amphipathic

Answer 77

they do not have a polar or charged region

Question 78

saturated fats

Answer 78

they contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that consist of the same # of carbon atoms

Question 79

which parts of the amino acids AA1 and AA2 are involved in the formation of a peptide bond

Answer 79

carboxyl group of AA1 and amino group AA2

Question 80

the results of dehydration reactions can be reversed by

Answer 80

hydrolysis reactions

Question 81

a molecule with the formula C55H110O55 is probably a

Answer 81

polysaccharide

Question 82

a disaccharide forms when

Answer 82

2 monosaccharides join by dehydration reactions

Question 83

what components make up a nucleotide

Answer 83

a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

Question 84

fatty acides are

Answer 84

composed of hydrocarbon chains and a carboxyl group

Question 85

the development of heart disease can result from a diet high in

Answer 85

saturated fats

Question 86

a phospholipid is composed of

Answer 86

1 glycerol molecule linked it 1 phosphate group and 2 fatty acids

Question 87

glucose molecules are to starch as _______ are to proteins

Answer 87

amino acids

Question 88

which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein

Answer 88

an alpha helix

Question 89

how are genes used by cells to build proteins

Answer 89

the genes in DNA direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule, which is used to build a protein

Question 90

DNA differs from RNA bc DNA

Answer 90

contains thymine in place of uracil

Question 91

complementary sequence of TCGATGG

Answer 91

AGCTACC

Question 92

contains only carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus means

Answer 92

could only be made of nucleic acids

Question 93

an organelle in a newly discovered cell contains thylakoids, DNA and ribosomes. similar to

Answer 93

chloroplasts

Question 94

mitochondria

Answer 94

production of ATP in cellular respiration

Question 95

nucleus

Answer 95

membrane bound genetic material storage and protection

Question 96

ribosomes

Answer 96

protein synthesis

Question 97

lysosome

Answer 97

contains digestive enzymes that are used to degrade macromolecules and old organelles

Question 98

chloroplast

Answer 98

photosynthesis

Question 99

cell wall

Answer 99

glues structure and support to plant cells, made of cellulose

Question 100

chromatin

Answer 100

DNA and protein complex tightly packed

Question 101

rough ER

Answer 101

membranous structure with attached granular protein-synthesizing organelles

Question 102

golgi complex

Answer 102

sorting, modifying, and packaging of proteins for export outside of the cell

Question 103

smooth ER

Answer 103

lipid synthesis and detoxification of poisons

Question 104

cytosol

Answer 104

the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended

Question 105

in which reactions of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation occur

Answer 105

in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Question 106

when a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom in an oxidation-reduction reaction, the glucose molecule is _________

Answer 106

oxidized

Question 107

glycolysis results in the net production of

Answer 107

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP

Question 108

what takes place in the electron transport chain

Answer 108

the harnessing of energy from redox reactions to generate a proton gradient

Question 109

in chemiosmosis, the most direct source of energy used to convert ADP + i to ATP is energy released __________

Answer 109

from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient

Question 110

how many molecules of ATP are produces from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 110

30-32

Question 111

what metabolic processes take place in the cytosol of eukaryotic cell

Answer 111

glycolysis and fermentation

Question 112

which of the following statements best described metabolism in its entirety in all organisms

Answer 112

metabolism consist of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism

Question 113

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 113

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Question 114

what metabolic process normally occurs in most cells regardless of O2 availability

Answer 114

glycolysis

Question 115

why does hydrolysis reactions occur more readily in solution than dehydration reactions do

Answer 115

hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and increase entropy of the system

Question 116

when chemical, transport or mechanical work is performed by an organism, what happens to the beat that is generated

Answer 116

it is lost to the environment

Question 117

a clasping handshake may be used as an analogy for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction bc it represents the specific manner in which an enzyme

Answer 117

binds substrate

Question 118

chemical reaction for which delta G is positive

Answer 118

endergonic

Question 119

how does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Answer 119

by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme

Question 120

when will increasing the substrate concentration likely result in the greatest increase in the reaction rate

Answer 120

when an allosteric inhibitor is present in the reaction

Question 121

competitive inhibitor