Bio 2: Systems Flashcards by Avi Aronov

2 parts of a virus:

Capsid

2. Nucleic acid

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3 extra parts of a bacteriophage:

Tail
Base plate
Tail fibers

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Method of genetic recombination involving transfer of plasmid:

Conjugation

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Method of genetic recombination involving incorporation of DNA from external environment:

Transformation

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Method of genetic recombination involving transfer of material by virus:

Transduction

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These contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest substances taken into cell by endocytosis:

Lysosomes

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Where do lysosomes originate from?

Golgi apparatus

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2 functions of smooth ER:

Lipid metabolism/storage

2. Detoxification

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Eukaryotic flagella consist of this in a 9+2 configuration:

Microtubules

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Microtubules made from these protein monomers:

Tubulin

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Type of cellular junction acts as fluid barrier around cells:

Tight junctions

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Type of cellular junction holds cells together like spot weld:

Desmosomes

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Type of cellular junction that act as tunnels between cells and allows for exchange of small molecules/ions:

Gap junctions

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More of this ion outside the membrane of a neuron:

Na+

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More of this ion inside the membrane of a neuron:

K+

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Motor neuron(s) controlled only by acetylcholine:

Somatic motor and parasympathetic

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Motor neuron controlled by epinephrine and norepinephrine:

Sympathetic

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Receptors in eyes that distinguish color:

Cones

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Hormones released by anterior pituitary:

HGH
ACTH
FSH
LH
TSH
Prolactin

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Hormones released by posterior pituitary:

Oxytocin

2. ADH

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Hormones released by adrenal cortex:

Aldosterone

2. Cortisol

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Hormones released by adrenal medulla:

Epinephrine

2. Norepinephrine

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Hormones released by thyroid:

T3, T4

2. Calcitonin

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Hormone released by parathyroid:

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Hormones released by pancreas:

1. Insulin | 2. Glucagon

Hormones released by ovaries:

1. Estrogen | 2. Progesterone

Hormone released by testes:

Testosterone

Hormones released by placenta:

1. HCG 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone

Solubility of HGH:

Water

Solubility of ACTH:

Water

Solubility of FSH:

Water

Solubility of LH:

Water

Solubility of TSH:

Water

Solubility of prolactin:

Water

Solubility of oxytocin:

Water

Solubility of ADH:

Water

Solubility of aldosterone:

Lipid

Solubility of cortisol:

Lipid

Solubility of epinephrine:

Water

Solubility of norepinephrine:

Water

Solubility of T3/T4:

Lipid

Solubility of calcitonin:

Water

Solubility of PH:

Water

Solubility of insulin:

Water

Solubility of glucagon:

Water

Solubility of estrogen:

Lipid

Solubility of progesterone:

Lipid

Solubility of testosterone:

Lipid

Solubility of HCG:

Water

Hormone effect - growth of nearly all cells:

HGH

Hormone effect - stimulates adrenal cortex:

ACTH

Hormone effect - growth of follicles in female:

FSH

Hormone effect - sperm production in male:

FSH

Hormone effect - causes ovulation:

Hormone effect - stimulates estrogen and testosterone secretion:

Hormone effect - stimulates release of T3 and T4 in the thyroid:

TSH

Hormone effect - promotes milk production:

Prolactin

Hormone effect - milk ejection:

Oxytocin

Hormone effect - uterine contraction:

Oxytocin

Hormone effect - water absorption by the kidney:

ADH

Hormone effect - reduces Na+ excretion and increases K+ excretion:

Aldosterone

Hormone effect - increases blood levels of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats:

Cortisol

Hormone effect - stimulates sympathetic actions:

Epinephrine (and Norepinephrine)

Hormone effect - increases basal metabolic rate:

T3, T4

Hormone effect - lowers blood calcium:

Calcitonin

Hormone effect - raises blood calcium:

Hormone effect - promotes glucose entry into cells:

Insulin

Hormone effect - decreases blood glucose levels:

Insulin

Hormone effect - increases gluconeogenesis:

Glucagon

Hormone effect - increases blood glucose levels:

Glucagon

Hormone effect - growth of female sex organs:

Estrogen

Hormone effect - causes LH surge

Estrogen

Hormone effect - prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy:

Progesterone

Hormone effect - male secondary sex characteristics:

Testosterone

Hormone effect - closing of epiphyseal plate:

Testosterone

Hormone effect - stimulates corpus luteum to grow and release estrogen and progesterone:

HCG

Hormone effect - enlargement of mother's sex organs:

Estrogen

Hormone effect - stimulates prolactin secretion:

Estrogen

Hormone effect - maintains uterus for pregnancy

Progesterone

Anatomy of respiratory system starting from nasal cavity:

Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchiole, Alveolus

3 things cause shift in oxygen dissociation curve to shift right:

1. CO2 increase 2. [H+] increase 3. Temperature increase

Reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase:

CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+

Type of cell does not contain nucleus:

Erythrocytes

3 main granulocytes:

1. Neutrophil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil

Granulocyte lifespan (short or long):

Short

Valve that connect right atrium to right ventricle:

Tricuspid valve

Valve that connects right ventricle to pulmonary artery:

Pulmonary valve

Valve that connects left atrium and left ventricle:

Mitral/bicuspid valve

Valve that connects left ventricle and aorta:

Aortic valve

This slows the rate of heart contractions and increases digestive activity in intestines:

Vagus nerve

These conductive fibers allow for a more unified and stronger contraction of ventricles in heart:

Purkinje fibers

Name for highest pressure measured in arteries:

Systolic pressure

Name for pressure during relaxation of ventricles and filling of atria:

Diastolic pressure

Blood pressure highest in:

Aorta

Blood pressure lowest in:

Pulmonary vein

Blood velocity is greatest in:

Arteries

Blood velocity is lowest in:

Capillaries

2 places that lymph is dumped:

1. Thoracic duct | 2. Vena cava

Name for cell mediated acquired immunity:

Cellular

Name for antibody mediated acquired immunity:

Humoral

MHC class associated with endogenous pathway:

MHC Class I

MHC class associated with exogenous pathway:

MHC Class II