Bio 2 Flashcards
What are the 7 classifications of a living things, in order
Domain (3)
Kingdom - based on how they obtain their food, types of cells that make up their body, and #of cells they contain.
Phylum - physical similarities
Class - Humans belong to the Mammal Class because we drink milk as a baby.
Order - taxonomy key
Family - related to each other. Humans are in the Hominidae Family.
Genus - generic name for an organism
Species - can reproduce, Most specific
What are the three domains?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Define Taxonomy
System for naming living organisms
Describe: Prion Virus Archaebacteria Eubacteria Eukaryotic cell
Prion - non living - misfold protein (5nm)
Virus - non living - 10-300nm
Archaebacteria - extreme climates (.1-15 um)
Eubacteria - ridged cell wall, true bacteria (.2-50um)
Eukaryotic cell - contain a nucleus, organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane. Includes protozoa, fungi, plants and animals. (10-100um)
Genotype describes -
whereas,
Phenotypes describe -
Genotype describes - chromosomes
whereas,
Phenotypes describe - product of gene
Ex: Pea plant flower can be purple or white.
Phenotype- Dom (purple) Recessive (white)
What is an allele?
1 form of gene
Polymorphism
a gene that has multiple alleles, corresponding to distinct forms for a phenotype
Gene Pool
total of all alleles
Evolution
Change in gene pool
Speciation
Evolution into new species
Inbreeding
increase in # homozygous individuals in population without changing allele frequency
Outbreeding
maintains genetic flow
What are the 5 principles of Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium
- A large breeding population.
- Random mating.
- No change in allelic frequency due to mutation.
- No immigration or emigration.
- No natural selection.
Equation :
p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1
Viruses have the ability to transfer genetic material. They have a protein coat called a :
caspid
What type of genetic material does a virus contain
single strand DNA or RNA
or
double strand DNA or RNA
NEVER BOTH
What is a mature virus outside a host cell called?
Viron or viral particle
What is Bacteriophage
When a virus penetrates into cell, injecting nucleic acid into host cell via tail
What are three ways a virus can enter a cell?
- attaches to receptor specific glycoprotein on host cell membrane
- Bacteriorphage
- get engulfed by endocytosis into cell.
Once a virus is in a cell, it can take one of two pathways. What are the pathways?
- Lysogenic infection
2. Lytic infection
What is the difference between viruses with viral envelope and a virus with no envelope?
Viral envelope formed at exocytosis from cell, it protects the virus from being detected by the body.
non envelope do not lyse and cause cell death on their release
What is a Lysogenic infection?
viral DNA incorporated into host genome. when cell replicates DNA, replicated viral DNA is also replicated. this is called a Tempeate virus - no s/s. stays dormant/latent, activated under stress.
reduced to Provirus
patient, hitch a ride, ride it out, combining viral DNA with cells and reproducing that way
What is a Lytic infection?
virus takes over synthetic machinery and infects protein production, all new proteins have virus in them. cell burst (lyses) from time of infection to lyses = latent period
impatient, attacks, burst, cycle
The Sodium potassium ATPase hydrolyzes ATP to pump three sodium outside the cell and two potassium into the cell . Which of the following is true about the sodium potassium ATPase?
1. It is an example of secondary active transport
2. Sodium is pumped against its concentration gradient
3. Postassium is pumped against its concentration gradient
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
C
Intestinal epithelium uses the diffusion of sodium down its concentration gradient to power the translocation of glucose inside of a cell. This is an example of: A) primary active transport B) secondary active transport C) passive diffusion D) facilitated diffusion
B