Bio 2 Flashcards
What are the 7 classifications of a living things, in order
Domain (3)
Kingdom - based on how they obtain their food, types of cells that make up their body, and #of cells they contain.
Phylum - physical similarities
Class - Humans belong to the Mammal Class because we drink milk as a baby.
Order - taxonomy key
Family - related to each other. Humans are in the Hominidae Family.
Genus - generic name for an organism
Species - can reproduce, Most specific
What are the three domains?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Define Taxonomy
System for naming living organisms
Describe: Prion Virus Archaebacteria Eubacteria Eukaryotic cell
Prion - non living - misfold protein (5nm)
Virus - non living - 10-300nm
Archaebacteria - extreme climates (.1-15 um)
Eubacteria - ridged cell wall, true bacteria (.2-50um)
Eukaryotic cell - contain a nucleus, organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane. Includes protozoa, fungi, plants and animals. (10-100um)
Genotype describes -
whereas,
Phenotypes describe -
Genotype describes - chromosomes
whereas,
Phenotypes describe - product of gene
Ex: Pea plant flower can be purple or white.
Phenotype- Dom (purple) Recessive (white)
What is an allele?
1 form of gene
Polymorphism
a gene that has multiple alleles, corresponding to distinct forms for a phenotype
Gene Pool
total of all alleles
Evolution
Change in gene pool
Speciation
Evolution into new species
Inbreeding
increase in # homozygous individuals in population without changing allele frequency
Outbreeding
maintains genetic flow
What are the 5 principles of Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium
- A large breeding population.
- Random mating.
- No change in allelic frequency due to mutation.
- No immigration or emigration.
- No natural selection.
Equation :
p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1
Viruses have the ability to transfer genetic material. They have a protein coat called a :
caspid
What type of genetic material does a virus contain
single strand DNA or RNA
or
double strand DNA or RNA
NEVER BOTH
What is a mature virus outside a host cell called?
Viron or viral particle
What is Bacteriophage
When a virus penetrates into cell, injecting nucleic acid into host cell via tail
What are three ways a virus can enter a cell?
- attaches to receptor specific glycoprotein on host cell membrane
- Bacteriorphage
- get engulfed by endocytosis into cell.
Once a virus is in a cell, it can take one of two pathways. What are the pathways?
- Lysogenic infection
2. Lytic infection
What is the difference between viruses with viral envelope and a virus with no envelope?
Viral envelope formed at exocytosis from cell, it protects the virus from being detected by the body.
non envelope do not lyse and cause cell death on their release
What is a Lysogenic infection?
viral DNA incorporated into host genome. when cell replicates DNA, replicated viral DNA is also replicated. this is called a Tempeate virus - no s/s. stays dormant/latent, activated under stress.
reduced to Provirus
patient, hitch a ride, ride it out, combining viral DNA with cells and reproducing that way
What is a Lytic infection?
virus takes over synthetic machinery and infects protein production, all new proteins have virus in them. cell burst (lyses) from time of infection to lyses = latent period
impatient, attacks, burst, cycle
The Sodium potassium ATPase hydrolyzes ATP to pump three sodium outside the cell and two potassium into the cell . Which of the following is true about the sodium potassium ATPase?
1. It is an example of secondary active transport
2. Sodium is pumped against its concentration gradient
3. Postassium is pumped against its concentration gradient
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
C
Intestinal epithelium uses the diffusion of sodium down its concentration gradient to power the translocation of glucose inside of a cell. This is an example of: A) primary active transport B) secondary active transport C) passive diffusion D) facilitated diffusion
B
Which of the following is least likely to require a protein to be transported into a cell? A) protein B) Glucose C) Amino acids D) carbon dioxide
D
A protein hormone is least likely to act by which of the following mechanisms? A) Binding to a receptor in the nucleus B) Opening a membrane bound channel C) Activating a membrane bound enzyme D) Activating a G protein
A
Which of the following statements is (are) true concerning tight junction?
1. They connect adjacent cells
2. They may form a barrier to extracellular fluids
3. They have the greatest strength of all cellular adhesions
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 1 , 2 , and 3
B
What would be the likely consequence of adding pure water to a petri dish of human red blood cells? A) The cell would stay the same size B) The cells would expand C) the cells would burst D) the cells should shrink
C
A neuron in an adult human is in which stage of the cell cycle? A) G0 B) G1 C) S D) G2
A
Which of the following is not involved in cell to cell communication? A) gap junction B) desmosomes C) Membrane receptors D) nuclear receptors
B
Which of the following events does NOT play a role in the life cycle of a typical retrovirus?
A) viral DNA is injected into the host cell
B) Viral DNA is integrated into the host genome
C) The gene for reverse transcriptase is transcribed and the mRNA is translated inside the host cell
D) Viral DNA incorporated into the host genome may be replicated along with the host DNA
A
If two species are members of the same order, they must also be members of the same: A) habitat B) family C) class D) biome
C
Most viruses that infect animals:
A) enter the host cell via endocytosis
B) do not require a receptor protein to recognize the host cell
C) leave their capsid outside the host cell
D) can reproduce independently of a host cell
A
Which of the following structures is (are) in prokaryotes? 1. a cell wall containing peptidoglycan 2. a plasma membrane lacking cholesterol 3. Ribosomes A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 1 and 2 only D) 1 , 2 and 3
D
Prior to infecting a bacterium, a bacteriophage must:
A) reproduce, making copies of the phage chromosome
B) integrate its genome into the bacterial chromosome
C) penetrate the bacterial cell wall completely
D)attach to a receptor on the bacterial cell membrane
D
DNA from phage resistant bacteria is extracted and placed on agar with phage - sensitive E. Coli are now also resistant to phage attack. The most likely mechanism for their acquisition of resistance is: A) transduction B) sexual reproduction C) transformation D) conjugation
C
Which of the following would least likely disrupt the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
A) Emigration of part of a population
B) A predator that selectively targets the old and sick
C) A massive flood killing 15% of a large homogeneous population
D) Exposure of the entire population to intense radiation
C
Penicillin interferes with peptidoglycan formation. Penicillin most likely inhibits bacterial growth by disrupting the production of: A) bacterial plasma membranes B) prokaryotic cell walls C) the bacterial nucleus D) bacterial ribosomes
B
All of the following are composed of microtubules EXCEPT: A) the tail of a sperm cell B) the spindle apparatus C) the cilia of the fallopian tubes D) the flagella of bacteria
D
Which of the following is true concerning the nucleolus?
A) It is bound by a phospholipid membrane
B) It disappears during prophase
C) It is the site of translation of ribosomal RNA
D) It is found in most bacteria
B
In some specialized cells, glucose is transported against its concentration gradient via an integral protein using the energy of the sodium ion electrochemical gradient. If no ATP is used for this transport, it most likely: A) active transport B) facilitated transport C) passive transport D) osmosis
A
Which of the following cells would be expected to contain the most smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) a liver cell B) An islet cell from the pancreas C) a mature sperm D) A zygote
A
Which of the following is not a membrane bound organelle? A) the golgi body B) the nuclues C) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) the ribosome
D
One function of the liver is to detoxify alcohol taken into the body. The organelle within the liver cell that most directly affects this process is: A) the smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) the nucleus C) the golgi apparatus D) the rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
When a primary lysosome fuses with a food vesicle to become a secondary lysosome:
A) its pH drops via active pumping of protons into its interior
B) its pH drops via active pumping of protons out of its interior
C) its pH rises via active pumping of protons into its interior
D) its pH rises via active pumping of protons out of its interior
A
Which of the following cells would be expected to have a well - developed rough endoplasmic reticulum? A) Pancreatic cell B) Adipocyte C) Muscle cells D) Neurons
A
Which of the following gives the normal direction of signal transmission in a neuron?
A) From the axon to the cell body to the dendrites
B) From the dendrites to the cell body to the axon
C) From the cell body to the axon and dendrites
D) From the dendrites to the axon to the cell body
B
Novocaine is a local anesthetic used by many dentists. Novocaine most likely inhibits the action potential of a neuron by:
A) stimulating calcium voltage gated channels at the synapse
B) increasing chloride ion efflux during an action potential
C) uncoiling Schwan cells wrapped around axon
D) blocking sodium voltage gated channels
D
If a neuronal membrane were to become suddenly impermeable to potassium ions but retain an active Na+/K+ ATPase, the neuron’s resting potential would:
A) becoming more positive because potassium ion concentration would increase inside the neuron.
B) becoming more positive because potassium ion concentration would increase outside the neuron.
C) becoming more negative because potassium ion concentration would increase inside the neuron.
D) becoming more negative because potassium ion concentration would increase outside the neuron.
A
What is the ratio of sodium ions to potassium ions transferred by the Na+/K+ pump out of and into the cells?
A) 2 Sodium ions in; 3 potassium ions out
B) 3 Sodium ions in; 2 potassium ions out
C) 3 Sodium ions out; 2 potassium ions out
D) 2 Sodium ions in; 3 potassium ions in
C
Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is: A) faster and more specific B) faster and more generalized C) slower and more specific D) slower and more generalized
A
The Nernst equation, when used to determine the resting membrane potential of a neuron, indicates that as intracellular K+ increases, the membrane potential: A) stays the same B) changes, but not in a predictable way C) becomes more positive D) becomes more negative
D
Which of the following changes to the neuron at rest would be LEAST likely to prevent the formation of the normal resting membrane potential?
A) Disruption of the electrochemical gradient of chlorine
B) Disruption of the electrochemical gradient of sodium
C) Disruption of the electrochemical gradient of potassium
D) A change to the membrane resulting in impermeability to potassium
A
During an action potential, the neuronal membrane:
A) depolarizes, then hyperpolarizes, then repolarizes
B) depolarizes, then repolarizes, then hyperpolarizes
C) hyperpolarizes, then depolarizes, then repolarizes
D) hyperpolarizes, then repolarizes, then depolarizes
B
If an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor were administered into a cholinergic synapse, what would happen to the activity of the postsynaptic neuron?
A) It would decrease, bc ach would be degraded more rapidly than normal
B) It would decrease, bc ach would bind to postsynaptic membrane receptors less strong
C) It would increase, bc ach would be produced more rapidly than normal
D) It would increase, bc ach would be degraded more slowly than normal
D
White matter in the brain and spinal cord appears white bc:
A) it contains large amounts of myelinated axons
B) it does not contain any myelinated axons
C) it is composed primarily of cell bodies
D) it contains a high concentration of white blood cells to protect the CNS from infection
A
Which of the following is found in vertebrates but NOT in invertebrates?
A) A dorsal, hollow nerve chord
B) Myelination to increase the speed of nervous impulse transmission along the axon
C) Axon through which the nervous impulse is conducted
D) An Na+/K+ pump in the neuronal membrane
B
Which of the following activities is controlled by the cerebellum?
A) Involuntary breathing movements
B) Fine muscular movements during a dance routine
C) Contraction of the thigh muscles during the knee jerk reflex
D) Absorption of nutrients across the microvilli of the small intestine
B
If an acetylcholine antagonist were administered generally into a person, all of the following would be affected EXCEPT:
A) the neuroeffector synapse in the sympathetic nervous system
B) the neuroeffector synapse in the parasympathetic nervous system
C) the neuromuscular junction in the somatic nervous system
D) the ganglionic synapse in the sympathetic nervous system
A
Which of the following occurs as a result of parasympathetic stimulation?
A) Vasodilation of the arteries leading to the kidneys
B) increased rate of heart contraction
C) Piloerection of the hair cells of the skin
D) Contraction of the abdominal muscles during exercise
A
Reflex arcs:
A) involve motor neurons exiting the spinal cord dorsally
B) require fine control by the cerebral cortex
C) always occur independently of the CNS
D) often involve inhibition as well as excitation of muscle groups
D
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the CNS? A) A parasympathetic effector B) the medulla C) the hypothalamus D) the cerebral cortex
A
Pressure waves in the air are converted to neural signals at the: A) retina B) tympanic membrane C) cochlea D) semicircular canals
C
Which of the following physical stimuli cannot be converted to electrical signals by the chemoreceptors of the human body? A) light B) taste C) smell D) blood chemistry
A
As light enters the eye, what is the correct order of the layers through which it passes before being converted into an electrical signal?
A) lens –> retina –> cornea –> aqueous humor –> vitreous humor
B) cornea –> aqueous humor –> lens –>vitreous humor –> retina
C) cornea –> vitreous humor –> lens –> retina –> aqueous humor
B
Which of the following is NOT true of the olfactory system?
A) the olfactory system makes use of chemoreceptors that bind odorants
B) Olfactory information does not reach the amygdala and hippocampus until after it undergoes processing in the cortex
C) Unlike other sensory system , the olfactory system does not create a “map” of olfactory information in the environment
D) Olfactory information does not pass though the thalamus before reaching cortical area for higher level processing
B
