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Biology Review > Bio 1B Vocabulary > Flashcards

Bio 1B Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Struggle for Existence

A
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2
Q

Phenotype

A

an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type

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3
Q

Heredity/Inheritance

A
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4
Q

Natural Selection

A
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5
Q

Evolution

A
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6
Q

Variation

A
  • Variation is random in the sense that it does not anticipate the “needs” of organisms (evolution is a process of trial and error)
  • Variation produced is far from random
    • E.g. in humans there is a lot of variation in height, but not the number of limbs
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7
Q

Development

A
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8
Q

Ecology

A
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9
Q

Adaptation

A

The change (or the process of change) by which a population becomes better suited to its environment due to the action of natural selection; adaptation is a consequence of selection

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10
Q

Fitness

A
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11
Q

Trade-Off

A
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12
Q

Genetic disease

A
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13
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
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14
Q

Chromosome

A
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15
Q

Allele

A
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16
Q

Balancing selection

A
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17
Q

Evolutionary Hitchhiking

A

traits are often correlated, thus non-selected traits can hitchhike along with the selected traits

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18
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
  • Selection is keeping stable the phenotype, because it is stable there is no descent with modification (selective forces maintaining the phenotype, selecting against extreme phenotypes)
    – Conflicting selective pressures, trade-offs are an inevitable consequence of living in a complex world
  • Dominant mode of selection on the phenotype
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19
Q

Directional Selection

A
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20
Q

Disruptive Selection

A
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21
Q

Balancing Selection

A

Synonym to stabilizing selection

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22
Q

Sexual Selection

A
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23
Q

Drift/Phenotypic Drift/Genetic Drift

A
  • Random effect
    Genetic Drift: Evolution driven by chance is especially frequent in the genome
    • E.g. random changes in the frequency of alleles
  • Neutral, slightly deleterious, and beneficial traits can be fixed or loss due to random chance
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24
Q

Bottlenecks

A
  • Random effect
    Original population - chance survivors (catastrophic reduction in population)- new population
    • Population size reduced in the home range
    • Bottlenecks can also result from selection (disease, introduction of a new predator)
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25
Q

Found effect

A
  • Random effect
    Small subset of individuals establish (found) a new colony
    • Some individuals by chance not included in that subset and are thus lost in new population
    • Different genetic constitution of the founding population is due to chance, not selection
    • Structurally the same as bottleneck
    • Note: The identity of the individuals that successfully migrate might also be due to selection, but the founder effect refers to cases where an immigrant’s phenotype is due to chance
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26
Q

Adaptive Change

A

Natural selection, immigration, new mutations

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27
Q

Non-adaptive Change

A

Drift, bottlenecks, founder

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28
Q

Mutation/Mutation Rate

A
  • Mutation is an incorrectly repaired replication error or direct damage
  • Most mutation arises due to replication errors as the DNA is duplicated during cell division
  • Environmental factors (called ‘direct damage’ below; e.g., cosmic rays, natural radioactivity, etc) are less important, in part because there is a lot of cellular machinery available to repair damage to DNA
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29
Q

Immigrations

A
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30
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

-foundational concept in population genetics that provides a mathematical model for understanding how allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in an ideal population.
-This principle acts as a critical baseline for studying the genetic structure of populations and observing how various forces, such as natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, drive evolutionary changes.

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31
Q

Gene Flow

A
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32
Q

Genotype Frequency

A
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33
Q

Allele Frequency

A
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34
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
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35
Q

Bacteria

A
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36
Q

Archaea

A
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37
Q

Eukaryotes

A
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38
Q

Biological Species Concept

A
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39
Q

Ring Species

A
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40
Q

Cryptic Species

A
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41
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A
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42
Q

Chronospecies

A
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43
Q

Speciation

A
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43
Q

Type Specimen

A
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44
Q

Synonymy

A
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45
Q

Phyletic Change

A
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46
Q

Anagenesis

A
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47
Q

Cladogenesis

A
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48
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A
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49
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A
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50
Q

Dispersal

A
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51
Q

Vicariance

A
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52
Q

Polyploidy

A
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53
Q

Zygote

A
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54
Q

Prezygotic Barrier (to reproduction)

A
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55
Q

Postzygotic Barrier (to reproduction)

A
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56
Q

Habitat Isolation

A
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57
Q

Temporal Isolation

A
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58
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A
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59
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A
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60
Q

Gametic Isolation

A
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61
Q

Sterility

A
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62
Q

Hybrid Zone

A
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63
Q

Reinforcement

A
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64
Q

Taxon

A
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65
Q

Cladogram

A
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66
Q

Sister Group

A
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67
Q

Node

A
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68
Q

Apomorphy

A
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69
Q

Synapomorphy

A
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70
Q

Plesiomorphy

A
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71
Q

Sympleziomorphy

A
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72
Q

Autapomorphy

A
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73
Q

Homoplasy

A
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74
Q

Outgroup

A
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75
Q

Character Matrix

A
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76
Q

Principle of Parsimony

A
77
Q

Cetacean

A
78
Q

Long Branch Attraction

A
79
Q

Maximum Likelihood

A
79
Q

Statistical Inconsistency

A
80
Q

Phylogram

A
81
Q

Phylogeny

A
82
Q

Taxonomies

A
83
Q

Monophyletic Group

A
84
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A
85
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A
86
Q

Homology

A
87
Q

Convergence/Parallelism

A
88
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A
89
Q

Molecular Clock

A
90
Q

Neutral Evolution

A
91
Q

Mutation versus Substitution

A
92
Q

Synonymous versus Nonsynonymous mutation

A
93
Q

Rate Smoothing/Relaxed Clock Analysis

A
93
Q

Time Tree/Chronogram

A
94
Q

Mitochondria

A
95
Q

Chloroplast

A
96
Q

Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA (SSI rRNA)

A
97
Q

Macroevolution

A
98
Q

Microevolution

A
99
Q

Pre-adaptation

A
100
Q

Vertebrate

A
101
Q

Tetrapod

A
102
Q

Lobe-finned fish

A
103
Q

Acanthostega

A
104
Q

Character Analysis

A
104
Q

Lateral Line

A
105
Q

Archaeopteryx

A
106
Q

Compound Eye

A
107
Q

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

A
108
Q

Hydrothermal Vent

A
109
Q

Planktotrophic larvae

A
110
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A
111
Q

Phyletic Gradualism

A
112
Q

Varves

A
113
Q

Species Sorting

A
114
Q

Directed Speciation

A
115
Q

Asymmetric Increase in Variance

A
116
Q

End-Permian Mass Extinction

A
117
Q

End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction

A
118
Q

Iridium (anomaly)

A
119
Q

Chicxulub Crater

A
120
Q

Mantle Plume

A
121
Q

Large Igneous Province (LIP)

A
122
Q

Siberian Traps

A
123
Q

Multicellularity

A
124
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
125
Q

Brown Algae

A
126
Q

Red Algae

A
127
Q

Slime Molds

A
128
Q

Theia

A
129
Q

Pallasite Meteorites

A
130
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A
131
Q

Faint Early Sun

A
132
Q

Stromatolites

A
133
Q

Great Oxygenation Event

A
134
Q

Snowball Earths

A
135
Q

Slushball Earth

A
136
Q

Cambrian ‘Explosion’

A
137
Q

Sahelanthropus

A
138
Q

Ardipithecus

A
139
Q

Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”)

A
140
Q

Homo erectus (Narikotome Boy)

A
141
Q

Homo sapiens

A
142
Q

Oldowan Tools

A
143
Q

Acheulean Tools

A
144
Q

Coalescence Time

A
145
Q

Hunter-gatherers

A
146
Q

Childhood

A
147
Q

Menopause

A
148
Q

Group Selection

A
149
Q

Non-infectious mismatch diseases

A
150
Q

Adenine

A
151
Q

4 Forces of changing population allele frequencies

A

1) Natural Selection
2) Genetic Drift
3) Immigration of individuals from elsewhere
4) New mutations

152
Q

Human mutation rate

A
  • Human mutation rate
    • about 10^-8 per nucleotide site per generation (1 in a 100,000,000 base bairs)
    • Human haploid genome contains 3 x 10^9 bases, thus we each have about 60 new mutations not present in our parents
153
Q

Allele

A
154
Q

Allele Frequencies

A
155
Q

Chromosome

A
156
Q

Cytosine

A
157
Q

DNA

A

-Deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organism
-Each cell in an organism has the same DNA, which carries the genetic instructions necessary for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction. DNA consists of two strands that twist around each other to form a double helix, comprising four chemical bases (adenine [A], thymine [T], guanine [G], and cytosine [C]). The order of these bases determines the genetic information, much like letters in a sentence.

158
Q

Diploid

A

(2n) 2 copies of each chromosome from each parent

159
Q

Dominant

A

Allele that masks the recessive allele

160
Q

Gene

A

-Segments of DNA located on structures called chromosomes (thread-like structures in the nucleus of every cell that carry genetic information), act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. Every gene tells the cell how to put together the building blocks of these proteins, which are essential for maintaining the cell’s structure and function.

161
Q

Genetic

A

study of how genes lead to various traits or characteristics in living organisms and how those characteristics are inherited from one generation to the next.

162
Q

Genotype

A

Set of genes in an organism

163
Q

Genome

A
164
Q

Haploid

A

(1n) One copy of chromosome from each parent

165
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles (one dominant and one recessive allele)

166
Q

Homozygous

A

Same alleles (two dominant or two recessive)

167
Q

Locus

A

Gene location on a chromosome

168
Q

Recessive

A

Masked by dominant when heterozygous
(lower case)

169
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an organism, influenced by the environment and by genotype

170
Q

Thymine

A
171
Q

Evolution

A

biological process through which the characteristics of organisms change over successive generations, depending on the interaction of genetic traits with environmental forces.

172
Q

Microevolution

A

involves changes at or below the level of species, typically observed as changes in allele frequencies within a population over time. These changes can be due to several factors, including mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow

173
Q

Macroevolution

A

significant evolutionary changes that can lead to the creation of new species, genera, or larger groups

174
Q

Allele Frequencies

A
175
Q

Population

A

group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that live in the same geographic area. Members of a population share a common gene pool, which includes all the genes and their different alleles present in the population. This shared genetic structure means that all individuals in a population are subject to similar environmental pressures, which can lead to noticeable changes in their genetic composition over time.

176
Q

Genetic Drift

A

mechanism of evolution that involves random fluctuations in allele frequencies, which are particularly noticeable in small populations

177
Q

Natural selection

A

operates on the phenotypic variations among individuals in a population. These variations must be heritable and must influence reproductive success. Traits that enhance survival and reproduction tend to become more common in the population over time, leading to adaptive changes.

178
Q

Gene Flow

A

occurs when individuals or their gametes move from one population to another, mixing their genetic material with the new population. This process tends to reduce genetic differences between populations, increasing genetic diversity within populations but making separate populations more genetically similar

179
Q

Mutation

A

Primary source of new genetic variation in any population. These changes in the DNA sequence can result from errors during DNA replication or from the effects of environmental mutagens such as radiation or chemicals.

180
Q

Four Forces of (Micro)Evolution

A

1) Mutation
2) Genetic drift
3) Natural Selection
4) Gene flow

181
Q

Three requirements for evolution by natural selection to act on a trait

A

1) Variation
2) Deferential reproductive success
3) Heritable

182
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • RANDOM fluctuations in allele frequencies
  • more noticeable in small populations
    Can lead to rapid shift in allele frequencies, independent of an advantage or disadvantages conferred by genetic drift
183
Q

Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

1) No selection
2) No mutation
3) No migration
4) Large population
5) Random mating

184
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

A

P + q = 1
P= dominant allele frequency (G)
q= recessive allele frequency (g)

p^2 + 2PQ +q^2 = 1
P^2 = homozygous dominant (GG)
2pq = heterozygous (Gg)
q^2 = homozygous recessive (gg)

185
Q

Example of HWE allele frequency

A

p (0.6) + q (0.4)=1

186
Q

Example of HWE Genotype Frequency

A

p (0.6)^2 + 2P(0.6)q(0.4) +q(0.4)^2 = 1
0.36 + 0.48 + 0.16 =1

187
Q

500-375 = 125
125/500= 0.25 = light green (gg) homo recessive
375/500 = 0.75 = dark green (Gg or GG) heterozygous of homo dominant
p +q = 1
Want q and can get from second HWE
p^2 + 2PQ +q^2 = 1
q^2 (homo recessive) = 0.25
Square root to get allele frequency = 0.5
p + 0.5 = 1
p = 0.5 (allele frequency of G)

0.5^2 + 2(0.5)(0.5)+0.5^2 = 1
0.25+0.5+0.25 = 1

A

Homozygous dominant =0.25
Heterozygous = 0.5
Homozygous recessive =0.25

Biology Review (7 decks)

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