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Bio 191 Final > Bio 191 Final > Flashcards

Bio 191 Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Living organisms and nonliving systems have numerous characteristics in common but only organisms

A

Are composed of cells

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2
Q

The level of organization that is more complex than an atom, but less complex an organelle

A

Molecule 

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3
Q

Molecules may be assembled into a microscopic structure called ______, which carries out specific functions with an cell

A

Organelle

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4
Q

The simplest level of organization that can carry out all the functions of life is a

A

Cell

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5
Q

a______is a group of similar cells that act as a fundamental unit

A

Tissue

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6
Q

Your brain is a example of a____

A

Organ

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7
Q

A group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same place is called a_____

A

Population

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8
Q

A biological community together with its physical habitat constitutes a______

A

Ecosystem

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9
Q

What are the steps of the scientific process in order?

A
  1. make observations
  2. Formulate hypothesis.
  3. Make a prediction.
  4. Design and carry out experiment.
  5. Analyze data.
  6. Form conclusion
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10
Q

True or false all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

A

True

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11
Q

True or false, Different cell types develop in a multicellular organism, because each cell has its own unique set of genes

A

False

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12
Q

True or false underlying similarities in biochemistry and genetics support the idea that all life evolved from a single ancestor

A

True

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13
Q

True or false molecules in different organisms that perform the same function are likely to have a similar structure

A

True

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14
Q

True or false evolutionary conservation, explains that diversity of life

A

False

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15
Q

Information stored in inorganic molecules is used to direct the synthesis of cellular components

A

False

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16
Q

True or false cells process information stored in their DNA as well as information they receive from the environment

A

True

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17
Q

True or false organisms are closed systems that require an input of energy in order to maintain their high level of complexity and organization

A

False

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18
Q

True or false the unity of living systems arises through evolutionary change

A

False

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19
Q

List the three components of cell theory

A
  1. Cells carried genetic material that is passed through replication.
  2. Cells arise from other cells.
  3. All living organisms consist of one or more cells.
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20
Q

DNA and RNA contain functional units known as

A

Nucleotides

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21
Q

What nucleic acid does RNA have that DNA doesn’t

A

Uracil

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22
Q

What is a chain of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptides

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23
Q

What is a primary structure in protein

A

Amino acid

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24
Q

What’s the secondary structure of protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

What’s a tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Folding polypeptide bases

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26
Q

What is the quaternary structure in protein?

A

Polypeptide bonds

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27
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

An enzyme that speeds up reactions

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28
Q

Lipids are

A

Fatty acids made of non-polar tails

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29
Q

What molecules are fats made out of

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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30
Q

Biological membranes are mostly made out of

A

Phospholipids

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31
Q

What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don’t

A

Eukaryotes are membrane bound, and have nucleus

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32
Q

What do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?

A

Cell membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm

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33
Q

This is an extensive network of internal membranes were proteins, carbs, and lipids are manufactured

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

Contains instructions for protein, synthesis and cell reproduction contain genetic information

A

Nucleus

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35
Q

Packages proteins for export from cell

A

Golgi

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36
Q

Digest, worn out organelles and cell debris

A

Lysosome

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37
Q

Carries out a variety of functions, including regulating water levels, in plants

A

Vacuole

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38
Q

Involved in the breakdown of fats and contains the enzyme catalase

A

Peroxisome

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39
Q

A leopard layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

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40
Q

The movement of substances from places of high concentration to low concentration

A

Diffusion

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41
Q

What is hypertonic solution?

A

Less water

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42
Q

What is hypotonic solution?

A

More water

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43
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Molecules move down their concentration gradient attached to a protein

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44
Q

What is active transport?

A

It needs an energy source and it is when molecules move against their concentration gradient

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45
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Moving energy energy that is being used

46
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy that are stored and is ready to be used

47
Q

When a protein loses its shape, it has been

A

Denatured

48
Q

Which part of an enzyme interacts with a substrate

A

Active site

49
Q

When a molecule gains in an electron its

A

Reduction

50
Q

When a molecule loses an electron it

A

Oxidation

51
Q

And glycolysis glucose is converted to

A

Pyruvate

52
Q

The net result of a single round of glycolysis forms

A

2 NADH and 2 ATP

53
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to

A

Lactic acid

54
Q

Before entering, the Krebs cycle pyruvate is converted to

A

Acetyl-CoA

55
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria matrix

56
Q

Electrons are brought into the electron transport system by the oxidation of

A

NADH and FADH2

57
Q

The movement of protons through ATP synthesis occurs from the

A

Intermembrane space to the matrix

58
Q

When oxygen accepts electrons____is produced as a byproduct

A

Water

59
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 +12H2O + light energy Yields C6 H12 O6+6O2+6 H2O

60
Q

What does light dependent reactions need and make

A

They need light input and they produce ATP and NADPH

61
Q

What do light Independent reactions need.

A

Why independent reactions need the products from light dependent reactions. They use ATP and NADPH to make carbs from carbon dioxide a.k.a Calvin cycle

62
Q

What is a stroma?

A

Semi liquid substance surrounding thylakoid membrane

63
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

Stroma

64
Q

What’s the correct order of phases and interphase?

A

G1 phase S phase G2 phase

65
Q

The division of cytoplasm is called

A

Cytokinesis

66
Q

What’s the correct order of phases in mitosis?

A

Prophase metaphase, anaphase telophase

67
Q

What phase do most cells spend their time in?

A

G1 phase 

68
Q

This creates gametes

A

Meiosis

69
Q

What creates somatic body cells?

A

Mitosis

70
Q

So they have once at a chromosomes are called

A

Haploid

71
Q

What is it when a single gene locus affects more than one trait

A

Pleiotropy

72
Q

When a single trait is affected by more than one gene locus

A

Polygenic

73
Q

When allele at one gene Locust can interfere with other alleles

A

Epistasis 

74
Q

When an offspring has an extra or missing chromosome

A

Aneuploidy

75
Q

The enzyme that unwind, a segment of DNA

A

Helicase

76
Q

Does majority of adding nucleotides and copying

A

DNA polymerase three

77
Q

Replaces RNA primer with nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase one

78
Q

Relieves coiling as helicase unwind, DNA

A

Gyrase

79
Q

Add primer to exposed parent strand

A

Primase

80
Q

Bonds dna fragments together

A

Ligase

81
Q

Extends telomeres and binds and adds nucleotides

A

Telomerase

82
Q

Swap one nucleotide for another

A

Base substitution mutation

83
Q

When you add one or more nucleotides

A

Insertion mutation

84
Q

When you remove one or more nucleotides

A

Deletion mutation

85
Q

When rna polymerase becomes misaligned with codons

A

Frame shift mutation

86
Q

Whole codon on is duplicated three times the same

A

Triplet repeat, mutation

87
Q

When sections of chromosomes are repeated, and inserted back into the chromosome

A

Duplication mutate

88
Q

 RNA is used as a template to make polypeptide

A

Translation

89
Q

DNA is used as template to make a complementary strand of RNA

A

Transcription

90
Q

What are some stop codon RNA

A

SRP RNA, and micro RNA

91
Q

What binds to a site, when the ribosome encounters a stop codon

A

Release factor

92
Q

New amino acids enter at which site

A

A site

93
Q

Where is tRNA released?

A

E site 

94
Q

What does splicing do?

A

Joins two exons together

95
Q

In the absence of tryptophan, the TRP repressor is

A

Inactive and cannot bind to the operator

96
Q

In the presence of tryptophan tryptophan, binds to the

A

TRP repressor

97
Q

The lac operon is expressed, when

A

Glucose is low and lactose is present

98
Q

In the absence of lactose that lac repressor is

A

Active and can bind to the operator

99
Q

Where do activators bind

A

To enhancers

100
Q

 what type of receptor binds to hydrophobic ligands

A

Intracellular receptor

101
Q

Which protein is non-enzyme, but is bound to an enzyme that can hydrolyze GTP and GDP

A

G protein coupled with receptor

102
Q

What is a ligand

A

Signal molecule 

103
Q

Gap, junctions, and direct contact is which communication

A

Direct contact

104
Q

Signals released from cell and only cells here, respond (wound) what type of communication is this?

A

Paracrine signaling

105
Q

Far distance send signals from particular area, and only cells that have receptors received them. What kind of communication is this?

A

Endocrine

106
Q

Signaling and nervous system neurons flood synaps with neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic

107
Q

What is cell signal transduction

A
  1. Chemical signal( ligand) binds to receptor
  2. Causes change in receptor.
  3. Initiates cell response. 
108
Q

What protein channels allows certain ions across cell membrane?

A

Chemical gated ion channels

109
Q

Once Ligan binds to receptor it, acts as a enzyme, carrying out chemical reaction

A

Enzymatic receptor

110
Q

A molecule that adds phosphates

A

Protein kinase

Bio 191 Final (1 decks)

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