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Biology 190A > Bio 190 Chapter 1-19 > Flashcards

Bio 190 Chapter 1-19 Flashcards

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1
Q

A change in one or more heritable characteristics of a
population from one generation to the next.

A

Evolution

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2
Q

Evolution can lead to the formation of ____?

A

New Species

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3
Q

Relies on
observation to form an idea or
hypothesis

A

Empirical thought

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4
Q

In the late 1700s, a small number of European scientists challenged
the belief that life-forms are ______ and _____?

A

Fixed and unchanging

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5
Q

Proposed that populations of
living things change over time

A

George Buffon (French zoologist)

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6
Q

Examined fossils and
realized that some animals remained the same while others
changed over time

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (French naturalist)

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7
Q

Hypothesized species change over generations by adapting
to new environments.

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (French naturalist)

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8
Q

Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of Charles Darwin) was a
contemporary of ______ and ______ and an advocate for
_____________ _______; he noted how breeders changed the traits
of domesticated plants and animals

A
  1. Buffon and Lamarck
  2. Evolutionary Change
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9
Q

Charles Darwin’s thinking was influenced by work in other fields
and his own observations on the ____________

A

Beagle’s ~5 year journey

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10
Q

James Hutton and Charles Lyell (Scottish geologists) supported
the ___________ hypothesis.

A

Uniformitarianism

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11
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Slow geological processes (ex: erosion) lead to substantial
change over time which implied that the earth was much
older than 6,000 years

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12
Q

Wrote about limits to
population growth and
that not all members
of a population will
survive and reproduce

A

Thomas Malthus
(English economist)

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13
Q

Charles Darwin noted distinctive traits of ______ that
allowed them to better exploit their environment.

A

Island species

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14
Q

Both suggested that
existing species are derived from pre-existing
species.

A

Darwin and Wallace

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15
Q

Darwin expressed his ideas about evolution as “the theory of
descent with modification through?

A

Variation and Natural Selection

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16
Q

Darwin’s ideas evolution occurs from generation to generation due
to 2 interacting factors.

A

Genetic variation and natural selection

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17
Q

Variations in traits may not occur among individuals of a given
species. True or False?

A

False

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18
Q

Variations are based on genetic differences and are
heritable (passed from parents to offspring) True or False?

A

True

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19
Q

As a result of natural selection,
certain traits that favor
reproductive success becomes
__________ _________ in a population
over time

A

More Prevalent

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20
Q

Types of Observation

A

Fossil Record
Biogeography
Convergent Evolution
Selective Breeding

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21
Q

T. roseae is example of a species being in transitional form. What traits did it have?

A

Broad skull
Flexible neck
Eyes on top of head
Primitive Wrist
Five finger-like bones

22
Q

The study of the
geographic distribution of extinct and
living species

A

Biogeography

23
Q

Species naturally found only in a particular location

A

Endemic Species

24
Q

When two species from
different lineages have
independently evolved
similar characteristics
because they occupy similar
environments

A

Convergent Evolution

25
Q

Similar Characteristics due to ______ _______ are called analogous strcutures.

A

Convergent evolution

26
Q

What makes selective breeding possible?

A

Genetic Variation

27
Q

Refers to a similarity that occurs due to descent from a
common ancestor

A

Homology

28
Q

Homologies may involve …

A

Anatomical,
developmental, or molecular features

29
Q

Anatomical features that have no
current function but resemble
structures of presumed ancestors

A

Vestigial structures

30
Q

Similarities that occur during
developmen

A

Developmental homology

31
Q

Species that differ as adults are often similar during
embryonic stages. True or False?

A

True

32
Q

All of the alleles for every gene in a
population

A

Gene pool

33
Q

The presence of two or more variants for a
given character within a population

A

Polymorphism

34
Q

Exists as two or more alleles in a
population (each allele occurs at a frequency greater than 1%)

A

polymorphic gene

35
Q

Exists predominantly as a single allele in a
population (99% or more alleles of a given gene are identical)

A

monomorphic gene

36
Q

How can genes become polymorphic?

A

Deletion, duplication, or change in a single nucleotide

37
Q

The smallest type of genetic variation (i.e. a point mutation) that
can occur within a gene and is the most common

A

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

38
Q

A human gene of 2,000 to 3,000 bp in length has an average of _____ ____?

A

10 SNP

39
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg equation describes?

A

The relationship between
allele and genotype frequencies when a population is not evolving

40
Q

Which are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

-No new mutations
-Small population
-Nonrandom mating
-No Natural selection
-Large population
-No migration
-Migration
-Random mating

A

-No new mutations occur to alter allele frequencies
-No natural selection occurs
-The population is so large that allele frequencies do not change
due to chance
-No migration occurs between different populations
-Random mating does occur

41
Q

Changes in a
population’s gene pool from
generation to generation

A

Microevolution

42
Q

The likelihood of an individual contributing
fertile offspring to the next generation

A

Reproductive success

43
Q

Reproductive success is commonly attributed to 2 categories of
traits

A
  1. Characteristics that make organisms better adapted to their
    environment (and therefore more likely to survive and
    reproduce)
  2. Traits that are directly associated with reproduction (like
    finding a mate
44
Q

The relative likelihood that one genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation compared with other genotypes.

A

Fitness

45
Q

Fitness is a measure of ______ _____.

A

Reproductive Success

46
Q

Individuals at one extreme of a
phenotypic range have greater reproductive success in a particular
environment

A

Directional selection

47
Q

The survival of
individuals with
intermediate phenotypes
and selects against those
with extreme phenotypes

A

Stabilizing selection

48
Q

The survival of two or
more different genotypes that produce different phenotypes

A

Diversifying (disruptive) selection

49
Q

Diversifying selection is likely to occur in populations that
occupy heterogeneous environments. True or False?

A

True

50
Q

Maintains genetic diversity in a population

A

Balancing selection

51
Q

Heterozygotes have
the highest fitness

A

Heterozygote advantage

52
Q

where common individuals have a lower fitness and rare individuals
have a higher fitnes

A

Negative frequency-
dependent selection

Biology 190A (1 decks)

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