Bio 190 Chapter 1-19

Question 1

A change in one or more heritable characteristics of a
population from one generation to the next.

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

Evolution can lead to the formation of ____?

Answer 2

New Species

Question 3

Relies on
observation to form an idea or
hypothesis

Answer 3

Empirical thought

Question 4

In the late 1700s, a small number of European scientists challenged
the belief that life-forms are ______ and _____?

Answer 4

Fixed and unchanging

Question 5

Proposed that populations of
living things change over time

Answer 5

George Buffon (French zoologist)

Question 6

Examined fossils and
realized that some animals remained the same while others
changed over time

Answer 6

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (French naturalist)

Question 7

Hypothesized species change over generations by adapting
to new environments.

Answer 7

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (French naturalist)

Question 8

Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of Charles Darwin) was a
contemporary of ______ and ______ and an advocate for
_____________ _______; he noted how breeders changed the traits
of domesticated plants and animals

Answer 8

1. Buffon and Lamarck
2. Evolutionary Change

Question 9

Charles Darwin’s thinking was influenced by work in other fields
and his own observations on the ____________

Answer 9

Beagle’s ~5 year journey

Question 10

James Hutton and Charles Lyell (Scottish geologists) supported
the ___________ hypothesis.

Answer 10

Uniformitarianism

Question 11

Uniformitarianism

Answer 11

Slow geological processes (ex: erosion) lead to substantial
change over time which implied that the earth was much
older than 6,000 years

Question 12

Wrote about limits to
population growth and
that not all members
of a population will
survive and reproduce

Answer 12

Thomas Malthus
(English economist)

Question 13

Charles Darwin noted distinctive traits of ______ that
allowed them to better exploit their environment.

Answer 13

Island species

Question 14

Both suggested that
existing species are derived from pre-existing
species.

Answer 14

Darwin and Wallace

Question 15

Darwin expressed his ideas about evolution as “the theory of
descent with modification through?

Answer 15

Variation and Natural Selection

Question 16

Darwin’s ideas evolution occurs from generation to generation due
to 2 interacting factors.

Answer 16

Genetic variation and natural selection

Question 17

Variations in traits may not occur among individuals of a given
species. True or False?

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Variations are based on genetic differences and are
heritable (passed from parents to offspring) True or False?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

As a result of natural selection,
certain traits that favor
reproductive success becomes
__________ _________ in a population
over time

Answer 19

More Prevalent

Question 20

Types of Observation

Answer 20

Fossil Record
Biogeography
Convergent Evolution
Selective Breeding

Question 21

T. roseae is example of a species being in transitional form. What traits did it have?

Answer 21

Broad skull
Flexible neck
Eyes on top of head
Primitive Wrist
Five finger-like bones

Question 22

The study of the
geographic distribution of extinct and
living species

Answer 22

Biogeography

Question 23

Species naturally found only in a particular location

Answer 23

Endemic Species

Question 24

When two species from
different lineages have
independently evolved
similar characteristics
because they occupy similar
environments

Answer 24

Convergent Evolution

Question 25

Similar Characteristics due to ______ _______ are called analogous strcutures.

Answer 25

Convergent evolution

Question 26

What makes selective breeding possible?

Answer 26

Genetic Variation

Question 27

Refers to a similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor

Answer 27

Homology

Question 28

Homologies may involve ...

Answer 28

Anatomical, developmental, or molecular features

Question 29

Anatomical features that have no current function but resemble structures of presumed ancestors

Answer 29

Vestigial structures

Question 30

Similarities that occur during developmen

Answer 30

Developmental homology

Question 31

Species that differ as adults are often similar during embryonic stages. True or False?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

All of the alleles for every gene in a population

Answer 32

Gene pool

Question 33

The presence of two or more variants for a given character within a population

Answer 33

Polymorphism

Question 34

Exists as two or more alleles in a population (each allele occurs at a frequency greater than 1%)

Answer 34

polymorphic gene

Question 35

Exists predominantly as a single allele in a population (99% or more alleles of a given gene are identical)

Answer 35

monomorphic gene

Question 36

How can genes become polymorphic?

Answer 36

Deletion, duplication, or change in a single nucleotide

Question 37

The smallest type of genetic variation (i.e. a point mutation) that can occur within a gene and is the most common

Answer 37

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Question 38

A human gene of 2,000 to 3,000 bp in length has an average of _____ ____?

Answer 38

10 SNP

Question 39

The Hardy-Weinberg equation describes?

Answer 39

The relationship between allele and genotype frequencies when a population is not evolving

Question 40

Which are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? -No new mutations -Small population -Nonrandom mating -No Natural selection -Large population -No migration -Migration -Random mating

Answer 40

-No new mutations occur to alter allele frequencies -No natural selection occurs -The population is so large that allele frequencies do not change due to chance -No migration occurs between different populations -Random mating does occur

Question 41

Changes in a population’s gene pool from generation to generation

Answer 41

Microevolution

Question 42

The likelihood of an individual contributing fertile offspring to the next generation

Answer 42

Reproductive success

Question 43

Reproductive success is commonly attributed to 2 categories of traits

Answer 43

1. Characteristics that make organisms better adapted to their environment (and therefore more likely to survive and reproduce) 2. Traits that are directly associated with reproduction (like finding a mate

Question 44

The relative likelihood that one genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation compared with other genotypes.

Answer 44

Fitness

Question 45

Fitness is a measure of ______ _____.

Answer 45

Reproductive Success

Question 46

Individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range have greater reproductive success in a particular environment

Answer 46

Directional selection

Question 47

The survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes and selects against those with extreme phenotypes

Answer 47

Stabilizing selection

Question 48

The survival of two or more different genotypes that produce different phenotypes

Answer 48

Diversifying (disruptive) selection

Question 49

Diversifying selection is likely to occur in populations that occupy heterogeneous environments. True or False?

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Maintains genetic diversity in a population

Answer 50

Balancing selection

Question 51

Heterozygotes have the highest fitness

Answer 51

Heterozygote advantage

Question 52

where common individuals have a lower fitness and rare individuals have a higher fitnes

Answer 52

Negative frequency- dependent selection