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Bio Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Systematics

A

Classifies organisms and determines evolutionary relationships

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1
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

Ordered division and naming of organisms

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3
Q

Binomialp

A

The two part scientific name of a species

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4
Q

Genus

A

The first part of the name

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5
Q

The taxonomic groups from broad narrow

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family

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6
Q

Taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

A

Taxon

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7
Q

What depicts evolutionary relationships

A

Phylogenic trees

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8
Q

What does the branch point represent on the phylogenic tree

A

Divergence of the species

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9
Q

What are sister taxa

A

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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10
Q

What is similarly due to convergent evolution

A

Analogy

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11
Q

What is an outgroup

A

A group that has diverged before the ingroup

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12
Q

What is the ingroup

A

The various species being studied

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13
Q

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides is called what

A

Poptidoglycan

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14
Q

What is gram stain used for?

A

To classify bacteria by cell wall composition

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15
Q

What kind of bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive

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16
Q

What kind of bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic?

A

Gram negative

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17
Q

A polysaccharide or protein layer on many prokaryotes is called…

A

A capsule

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18
Q

Fimbriae

A

Allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony

19
Q

Taxis

A

The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

20
Q

Endoscopes

A

Formed by prokaryotes. They can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries

21
Q

Obligate

A

Require O2 for cellular respiration

22
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Poisoned by O2 and use fermentation

23
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Something obligate anaerobes use other than fermentation

24
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without O2

25
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

When prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

26
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Most are unicellular

27
Q

Hererocysts

A

In cyanobacterium, these are photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells that exchange metabolic products

28
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Energy from light. need CO2 as carbon source

29
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Energy from chemicals. Need co2 as carbon source

30
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Energy from light. Organic compounds as carbon source

31
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Organic compounds as energy and carbon source

32
Q

Biofilms

A

Surface coating colonies where metabolic cooperation occurs.

33
Q

Extremophiles

A

Archaea that live in extreme environments

34
Q

Extreme halophiles. They are archaea

A

Live in highly saltine environments

35
Q

Extreme thermopiles. They are archaea

A

Thrive in very hot environments

36
Q

Methanogens. They are archaea

A

Live in swamps, marshes, produce methane as a waste product.

37
Q

Decomposes

A

Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes. Break down dead organisms

38
Q

Symbiosis

A

Ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact

39
Q

Host

A

The larger species

40
Q

Symbiont

A

The smaller species

41
Q

Mutualism

A

Both symbiotic organisms benefit

42
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits while neither harming more helping the other

43
Q

Parasitism

A

When a parasite harms but doesn’t kill the host

44
Q

Pathogen

A

Parasites that cause disease

45
Q

Exotoxins

A

Are secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them aren’t present

46
Q

Endotoxins

A

Released only when bacteria die and their cell wall breaks down

Biology (2 decks)

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