bio Flashcards
1
Q
What is biology?
A
Biology is the study of living things, focusing on their abilities, functions, and adaptations.
2
Q
What is an organism?
A
An individual living thing, such as an animal or a plant.
3
Q
What are the nine characteristics that distinguish living things from non-living things?
A
- Nutrition 2. Assimilation 3. Growth 4. Reproduction 5. Waste elimination 6. Irritability 7. Co-ordination 8. Regulation 9. Movement
4
Q
What is nutrition in living organisms?
A
All living things feed to obtain energy for survival and activities.
5
Q
What is assimilation?
A
The process by which living organisms utilize food to maintain life through metabolism.
6
Q
What is growth in living organisms?
A
Growth is the increase of materials in an organism, occurring in stages.
7
Q
What is excretion?
A
The process by which living organisms get rid of unwanted products or waste.
8
Q
What is reproduction?
A
The process by which living organisms multiply or divide to perpetuate their species.
9
Q
What is irritability in living organisms?
A
The ability of living organisms to respond to external or internal stimuli.
10
Q
What is respiration?
A
The release of energy from food substances in living cells.
11
Q
What is movement in living organisms?
A
All living things move, including plants, although some movements may be slow.
12
Q
Who created the first classification system?
A
Aristotle created the first classification system over 2,000 years ago.
13
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
Taxonomy is the describing, naming, and classifying of organisms in biology.
14
Q
What is systematics?
A
Systematics refers to the study and classification of organisms to determine their evolutionary relationships.
15
Q
What is the main difference between taxonomy and systematics?
A
Taxonomy involves classification and naming, while systematics determines evolutionary relationships.
16
Q
What are the taxonomic levels?
A
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
17
Q
What is binomial nomenclature?
A
A naming system where the first part is the genus name and the second part is the species name.
18
Q
What is a natural classification?
A
A classification that reflects groups that exist in nature.
19
Q
What is an artificial classification?
A
A classification created by taxonomists that does not reflect natural relationships.
20
Q
What is a hierarchy in taxonomy?
A
An organizational scheme based on a series of levels, where each level contains groups from the next level down.
21
Q
What is a hierarchical scheme in taxonomy?
A
A hierarchical scheme is an organizational structure based on a series of levels, where each level has one or more groups.
22
Q
What is a genus?
A
A genus is a group of species that are closely related and share common characteristics.
23
Q
What are key characteristics in taxonomy?
A
Key characteristics are specific traits that all members of a taxonomic group must share.
24
Q
What is the difference between generic and specific key characteristics?
A
Generic key characteristics are shared by all members of a genus, while specific key characteristics are unique to a particular species.
25
Why is consistency important in taxonomy?
Consistency helps maintain similar levels of similarity between species within each genus or individuals within each species.
26
What is phenetics in taxonomy?
Phenetics is an approach that measures as many characteristics of each individual as possible and uses algorithms to form groups.
27
What is cladistics?
Cladistics is a systematic approach based on the theory of evolution, focusing on common ancestry to group organisms.
28
What is a cladogram?
A cladogram is a tree-like diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
29
What is the significance of DNA sequencing in taxonomy?
DNA sequencing allows researchers to measure gene sequences that indicate common descent, aiding in the classification of organisms.
30
What is the classification hierarchy from largest to smallest?
The classification hierarchy is: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
31
How is a species defined?
A species is defined as a group of organisms with similar features that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
32
What happens when a horse and a donkey breed?
They produce a mule, which is infertile and cannot reproduce because it is a hybrid of different species.
33
What is a species?
A species can be defined as a group of organisms with similar features, capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring.
34
What is a mule?
A mule is the infertile offspring produced when a donkey and a horse breed.
35
What is the largest group in the classification hierarchy?
The largest group is the kingdom.
36
What are the five kingdoms?
The five kingdoms are prokaryotes, protoctista, fungi, plants, and animals.
37
What is a phylum?
A phylum is a group into which organisms are divided based on shared features.
38
What is the classification hierarchy from kingdom to species?
Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
39
How is a human classified in the hierarchical system?
Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Primate, Family: Hominidae, Genus: Homo, Species: Sapiens.
40
What are the two systems of classification?
The two systems of classification are natural classification and artificial classification.
41
What is natural classification based on?
Natural classification is based on homologous structures and evolutionary relationships.
42
What are homologous structures?
Homologous structures are features that are similar in structure but may serve different purposes.
43
What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?
Homologous structures have a common ancestor, while analogous structures do not.
44
What is artificial classification?
Artificial classification groups organisms based on arbitrary criteria, such as all flying animals.
45
What is the binomial system of naming species?
The binomial system gives organisms two names in Latin, derived from the genus and species.
46
How is a scientific name formatted?
The genus name is capitalized and comes first, followed by the species name in lowercase, both italicized or underlined.
47
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms with DNA not enclosed in a nucleus, while eukaryotes have true nuclei.
48
What is reproduction?
Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced from their parents.
49
What are the two types of reproduction?
The two types of reproduction are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
50
What is asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring.
51
What are the types of asexual reproduction?
Types of asexual reproduction include binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and sporogenesis.
52
What is sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the fusion of male and female gametes.
53
What are the stages of sexual reproduction?
The stages of sexual reproduction are pre-fertilization, fertilization, and post-fertilization.
54
What happens during fertilization?
Fertilization occurs when haploid male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote.
55
What are the types of fertilization?
Fertilization can be external or internal.
56
What is embryogenesis?
Embryogenesis is the process where the zygote divides mitotically and develops into an embryo.
57
What are the classifications based on zygote development?
Organisms are classified as oviparous, viviparous, or ovoviviparous based on zygote development.
58
What is vegetative reproduction in plants?
Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, involving structures like roots and stems.
59
What is pollination?
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the male flower's anther to the female flower's stigma.
60
What are the parts of a typical flower?
The parts of a typical flower include calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium, and ovule.
61
What is the function of the stigma in a flower?
The stigma receives pollen grains during pollination.
62
What do ovules become after fertilization?
Ovules become seeds after fertilization.
63
What are the types of flower arrangements based on carpels?
Carpels can be separate and free, or fused to form a single structure.
64
What is a hypogynous flower?
A hypogynous flower has stamens and perianth inserted below the gynoecium.
65
What is an epigynous flower?
An epigynous flower has stamens and perianth inserted above the ovary.
66
What is a perigynous flower?
A perigynous flower has a flattened or cup-shaped receptacle with the gynoecium at the center and stamens and perianth attached around the rim.
67
What are the two types of ovaries?
The two types of ovaries are superior (above other flower parts) and inferior (below other flower parts).
68
What are nectaries?
Nectaries are special glands in flowers that secrete sugary fluid, attracting insects and birds.
69
What is the role of the ovule?
The ovule develops in the ovary and becomes the seed after fertilization.
70
Where is the ovule attached in the ovary?
The ovule is attached to the ovary at a point called the placenta.
71
What are pollen grains?
Pollen grains are tiny powder substances found at the tip of the anther.
72
What is pollination?
Pollination is the process of carrying pollen grains from the anther to the stigma by various agents.
73
What is self-pollination?
Self-pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same parent plant.
74
What are the two types of self-pollination?
The two types of self-pollination are bisexual and geitonogamy.
75
What is cross-pollination?
Cross-pollination occurs between flowers of two different plants of the same species or related species.
76
What is homogamy?
Homogamy is the condition where the stigma and anther of a flower mature at the same time.
77
What are cleistogamous flowers?
Cleistogamous flowers do not open and pollination occurs within their enclosed form.
78
What is entomophily?
Entomophily is pollination associated with insects.
79
What is anemophily?
Anemophily describes flowers that are pollinated by wind.
80
What is hydrophily?
Hydrophily refers to pollination in aquatic plants.
81
What is dicliny?
Dicliny is when the stamen and carpel are found on separate flowers but on the same plant or on different plants.
82
What is self-sterility?
Self-sterility occurs in some species where fertilization does not happen with pollen from the same flower.
83
What is dichogamy?
Dichogamy is when the anther and stigma mature at different times, preventing self-pollination.
84
What is fruit?
Fruit is a mature or ripened ovary of a flower.
85
What are the three distinct parts of a fruit?
The three parts of a fruit are epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
86
What is a true fruit?
A true fruit develops only from the ovary.
87
What is a false fruit?
A false fruit develops from parts of the flower other than the ovary.
88
What are simple fruits?
Simple fruits develop from one ovary of a flower.
89
What are aggregate fruits?
Aggregate fruits arise from a single flower or ovary that gives rise to more than one fruit.
90
What are multiple fruits?
Multiple fruits develop from inflorescence, not from a single flower.
91
What is seed development?
Seed development involves changes in the ovary after fertilization.
92
How do seeds develop in dicotyledonous plants?
In dicotyledonous plants, the ovum produces a wall around itself and divides into cells.
93
What is an otyledonous plant?
An otyledonous plant is one that develops seeds, categorized into dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.
94
How does seed development occur in dicotyledonous plants?
In dicotyledonous plants, after fertilization, the ovum forms a wall around itself, called oospore, which divides into two cells. The lower part forms the suspensor, which helps push the embryo into the embryo sac and provides food.
95
What is the role of the suspensor in dicotyledonous plants?
The suspensor pushes the embryo into the embryo sac and provides food to the developing embryo.
96
What distinguishes monocotyledonous plants from dicotyledonous plants?
Monocotyledonous plants have a single cotyledon, while dicotyledonous plants have two cotyledons.
97
What are the methods of seed and fruit dispersal?
The methods of dispersal include: (1) by wind, (2) by water, (3) by explosive mechanism, (4) by animals.
98
How are seeds dispersed by wind?
Seeds dispersed by wind often have wings, are light, hairy, or utilize a parachute mechanism like the pappus.
99
What characteristics help seeds float for water dispersal?
Seeds that float have membranes that prevent water soaking, are light, or possess air-filled cavities.
100
What is explosive mechanism in seed dispersal?
Explosive mechanism refers to seeds being liberated from their pods when they burst, often accompanied by sound.
101
How do animals contribute to seed dispersal?
Animals disperse seeds by eating fruits and excreting seeds, or by seeds sticking to their fur or clothing.
102
What is seed germination?
Seed germination begins when a seed absorbs moisture, leading to the emergence of the radical through the seed coat.
103
What are the two main types of seed germination?
The two main types of germination are epigeal (cotyledons above soil) and hypogeal (cotyledons below soil).
104
What conditions are necessary for seed germination?
Seeds need water, temperature, and air to germinate.
105
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in a particular ecosystem, including genetic, ecosystem, species, phylogenetic, crop, and functional diversity.
106
Who first classified living organisms?
Greek thinker Aristotle first classified animals based on their habitat.
107
What are the five kingdoms of living organisms according to Whittaker?
The five kingdoms are: Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.
108
What characterizes organisms in the Kingdom Monera?
Organisms in the Kingdom Monera lack a defined nucleus or organelles and are unicellular.
109
What are the characteristics of organisms in the Kingdom Fungi?
Organisms in the Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes that feed on dead organic matter.
110
What distinguishes the Kingdom Plantae?
The Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular eukaryotes that are autotrophs and perform photosynthesis.
111
What are the divisions of the plant kingdom?
The plant kingdom is divided into Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, and Spermatophyta.
112
What is the main characteristic of Phylum Porifera?
Phylum Porifera includes non-motile animals with holes, such as sponges.
113
What defines Phylum Arthropoda?
Phylum Arthropoda is characterized by jointed legs and an open circulatory system.
114
What are the classes of the Vertebrata?
The classes of Vertebrata include Class Pisces, Class Amphibia, Class Reptilia, Class Aves, and Class Mammalia.
115
What are vertebrates?
Animals with backbones, comprising about 5 percent of the animal kingdom.
## Footnote
Further classified into 5 classes.
116
What are the 5 classes of vertebrates?
Class Pisces, Class Amphibia, Class Reptilia, Class Aves, Class Mammalia.
117
What are the characteristics of Class Pisces?
They live in water, have skin covered with scales or plates, use gills for respiration, are cold-blooded, and have two-chambered hearts.
## Footnote
Examples include fishes.
118
What are the characteristics of Class Amphibia?
They can live in water and on land, respire through gills or lungs, and possess a three-chambered heart.
## Footnote
Examples include frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders.
119
What are the characteristics of Class Aves?
Most have feathers, are warm-blooded, lay eggs (except bats), and have a four-chambered heart.
120
What are the characteristics of Class Mammalia?
They are warm-blooded, possess mammary glands that produce milk, have skin with hair, sweat, and oil glands, and have a four-chambered heart.
## Footnote
Examples include cattle, sheep, goats, and elephants.
