Bio 1780 Prelim 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the gametophyte or sporophyte more dominant in mosses? and ferns?

A

moss: gametophyte, ferns: sporophyte

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2
Q

What is found in fungi cell walls?

A

chitin

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3
Q

Why are red algae red? Does it mean they don’t have chloroplast?

A

They have an accessory pigment phycoerythrin, they have chloroplasts with chlorophyll-a

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4
Q

What is found in the cell wall of glaucophyte chloroplasts and what is its significance?

A

and what is its significance?

a. Peptidoglycan, evidence of endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria

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5
Q

How do fungi acquire nutrients? explain the process

A

Absorptive heterotrophy: hyphae secrete digestive enzymes and processed nutrients are then absorbed

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6
Q

What are some problems land plants had to overcome and what structures did they develop to overcome
them?

A

support - sprawl on ground or have trunk; avoid dessication - stomata; access to water - vascular systems; spreading gametes - shape of seeds

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7
Q

What is lichen?

A

symbiotic relationship b/w fungi (usually ascomycetes) and a photosynthetic partner (either cyanobacteria or
green algae)

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8
Q

What is the fitness of an individual measured as?

A

The number of offspring it produces in its lifetime compared to the average individual in its population

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9
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What is the formula and what do we use it for?

A

p
2
+ 2pq + q2
= 1, p + q = 1. Used as null model if no evolution is present

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10
Q

Define the Bottleneck effect and predict its outcome

A

Sudden external factor (e.g. natural disaster) that kills most of the individuals in a population, only leaving a
randomly selected small group of individuals. Genetic drift will cause it to evolve from the previous genotypic
frequencies

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11
Q

What does Heterozygosity depend on? How do they each affect the degree of heterozygosity?

A

Mutation & population size. Increase in both mutation rate and population size will increase heterozygosity

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12
Q

For what reason might an advantageous allele have trouble coming to a “fixed” frequency in a population?
What conditions would cause it to do so quickly and easily?

A

recessive allele advantage = hard to fix b/c hard to get enough homozygous recessive to show effect, dominant
allele fix quickly b/c it’s effect is not shielded

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13
Q

What is genetic drift? When is it more important?

A

chance deviations in allele frequency over time resulting in evolution but without natural selection or adaptation; small populations

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14
Q

Why do advantageous alleles that are co-dominant fix faster than those that are dominant?

A

heterozygous individuals have distinct phenotypes and so its recessive alleles can be selected against more
efficiently than if heterozygous indv exhibit dominant phenotype and shield the recessive allele

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15
Q

What is secondary contact? What are the possible outcomes of it?

A

When extrinsic barrier disappears and populations allowed to mate. speciation now depends on intrinsic
barriers.
b. Outcome 1: hybrids equally/more fit than parental - species will merge.
c. Outcome 2: hybrids less fit in parental ranges but equally/more fit in hybrid zone, then stable hybrid zone
will form.
d. Outcome 3: Hybrid less fit everywhere relative to parental, natural selection will reinforce reproductive
isolating mechanisms and speciation occurs

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16
Q

Outcome when hybrids equally/more fit than parenta

A

species will merge.

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17
Q

Outcome when hybrids less fit in parental ranges but equally/more fit in hybrid zone

A

stable hybrid zone

will form.

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18
Q

Outcome when Hybrid less fit everywhere relative to parental

A

natural selection will reinforce reproductive

isolating mechanisms and speciation occurs

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19
Q

What is reinforcement and what does it accomplish?

A

When hybrid offspring are unfit and natural selection reinforces reproductive isolation mechanisms,
changing postzygotic isolation to prezygotic isolation

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20
Q

Glaucophytes

A
Unicellular aquatic 
photosynthetic organisms, 
some with 
flagella; Chloroplast derived from 
primary endosymbiosis and 
retains peptidoglycan (from 
cyanobacterial cell wall) 
between inner and outer 
membrane
21
Q

Red algae

A
Reddish accessory 
photosynthetic pigment 
masks green chloroplasts 
in low light; marine, 
multicellular, often 
attach by holdfast; Secrete calcium 
carbonate, enhance 
formation of coral reefs
22
Q

“green algae”

A
Unicellular, colonial, 
multicellular
• Two kinds of 
chlorophyll, store 
photosynthetic 
products as starch; Among green plants, 
“green algae” are 
basal to land plants
23
Q

liverworts

A
Simplest land plants, 
small leaf-like sheets 
of tissue as the visible 
organism, attach by 
hair-like rhizoids;Terrestrial but very 
moist circumstances
24
Q

mosses

A
Larger, more 
complex than 
liverworts—stomata, 
dead cell tubes for 
transport;Moist terrestrial 
habitats, form lush 
mats; Decaying layers in 
water form peat 
bogs
25
Q

microphyll

A

small leaf with single unbranched vein; originally formed from little outgrowths of sporangia, spore making structures

26
Q

megaphyll

A

big leaf with multiple branching veins; leads to evolution of true leafy structures

27
Q

ferns

A
Megaphylls with 
stomata, xylem, and 
phloem—terrestrial but 
moist quiet habitats 
(lack strong support) 
• Spores airborne, 
gametes by water
28
Q

synapomorphy of green plants

A

chlorophyll b; starch storage

29
Q

green plants

A

green algae + land plants

30
Q

synapomorphies of vascular plants

A

have systems to transport food and water throughout plant; microphyll and megaphylls; stomata

31
Q

plant tree

A
Plantae
Glaucophytes
(un-named taxon) 
Red algae 
Green Plants 
“Green algae” 
Land plants 
“Basal land plants” 
Vascular plants
Ferns 
Seed plants
32
Q

green plant with protected embryo but no seeds

A

liverworts, mosses, ferns

33
Q

Population genetics

A

evolutionary processes within populations over small time scales

34
Q

evolution

A

any genetic change in a population over time

35
Q

genetic change may occur through

A

mutation, migration, genetic drift, natural selection

36
Q

population

A

group of interbreeding individuals

37
Q

mutation

A

any heritable changes to DNA

38
Q

Evolution requires

A

genetic variation in the population

39
Q

polymorphisms

A

mutations that are segregating in a population; give evolutionary advantage, an evolutionary disadvantage, or have no effect at all

40
Q

every human, every generation, there are _____ mutations

A

10

41
Q

in entire world

A

every nucleotide is mutated every gneeration

42
Q

evolution

A

any change in allele frequency in a population over time

43
Q

gene

A

a genetic locus coding for a functional RNA transcript; almost always codes for protein

44
Q

locus

A

any defined segment of DNA; may not code for proteins

45
Q

polymorphic

A

locus is polymorphic if it has 2 or more alleles

46
Q

phenotype can be determined by

A

genotype or environmental conditions; combination of both

47
Q

Gene pool

A

all the gene copies present in a population (2 per diploid individual, therefore 2N total for a population size N)

48
Q

allele frequency

A

number of one allele (2 x AA + Aa) /total number of alleles (2 x (AA + Aa + aa)

49
Q

How does drift affect smaller populations

A

o Higher probability of large frequency jumps in any given generation
o Shorter expected time to fixation or loss