Bio Flashcards
Differences between plant & animal cells
-only plant has cell wall & chloroplast
-shape
-plant has large vacuole, animal has small, temporary vacuoles
Difference between chromatin, chromatids, and chromosomes
Chromatin: DNA & proteins
Chromatids: copies of a chromosome
Chromosomes: 2 chromatids
Basic functions of the organelles (nucleus, ER, golgi, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuole, nucleolus)
Nucleus: controls the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum: carry materials through cell
Golgi Apparatus: processes and packages proteins
Cytoplasm: keeps other organelles in place
Mitochondria: powder house
Vacuole: storage
Nucleolus: produce and assemble ribosomes
Purpose of mitosis. Label the phases and cells.
Interphase: cell grows
Prophase: (prep): centrioles move to poles and spindle fibres form
Metaphase (middle): chromosomes line up along middle of cell
Anaphase (apart): chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles
Telophase (two): cell elongates, chromosomes lose their shape, nuclear envelope reforms
Cytokinesis: cell divides
Describe the events that occur during each phase of the cell cycle
The cell increases in size (G1)
-copies its DNA (S)
-prepares to divide (G2)
-divides (mitosis)
Differentiate between cells, tissues, organs, and organ system (hierarchy of life)
Cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system —> organism
Types of animal & plant tissues
Animal: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Plant: meristematic, epidermal, vascular, ground
What is cancer? How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
When your cells divide uncontrollably and form a tumor
-small cytoplasm
-multiple nuclei
-multiple large nucleoli
-coarse chromatin
What are stem cells? Why are they of great interest to researchers? What ethical issues surround their use?
Small group of unspecialized cells. Can differentiate into any type of specialized cell.
Important bc they can be used to treat injuries & diseases by regenerating organs.
Ethics: equity, consent, human cloning, & creation and destruction of embryos
What is apoptosis & necrosis?
Apoptosis: controlled, beneficial cell death
Necrosis: uncontrolled, damaging cell death
Difference between arteries and veins
Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, have thick walls.
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, have thinner walls, & contain valves.
Differentiate between the various organ systems (plant, skeletal, muscle; integumentary, etc.)
Integumentary: protects inner cells
Skeletal: protects & supports body
Muscular: allows for movement
Nervous: controls all functions
Lymphatic:protects body from disease
Urinary: filters blood & creates urine
Endocrine: produces hormones
Reproductive: produces offspring
How do the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems work together to help you function daily?
The respiratory system brings in oxygen, which the circulatory system carries to cells.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, which the circulatory system transports to cells.
Tissues in your intestine and lungs work together to defend your body against sickness.
Circulatory system functions & structure
Delivers O2 & nutrients to cells & takes away wastes
Heart, blood, veins, arteries
Digestive system functions & structure
Breaks down food into simpler components to be used by cells in the body
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Respiratory system functions & structure
Brings in O2 & removes CO2 from the body for gas exchange
Mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Plant organ system functions & structure
Root system: roots, anchors the plant, absorbs water & nutrients, stores food, etc.
Shoot system: stems, leaves, flowers, fruits. Support the plant & transfers water & sugars.
